Module 12 Flashcards
Types of banks (4)
- Commercial banks
- Investment banks
- Universal banks
- Merchant banks
Commercial banks (3)
- Accept deposits and lend money to individuals, companies and governments
- Banks lends out money deposited in it
- Banks borrow money from each other at LIBOR
Investment banks (2)
- Underwrite and distribute initial bond and share issues
- Buy and sell bonds and shares once issued
Universal banks
Combine commercial and investment banking activity (although must be kept as separate parts of the business - financial crisis)
Merchant banks (3)
- UK equivalent of US investment banks
- Originated in UK to help UK exporters get paid by providing trade finance
- Now form CF divisions of largest universal banks
Traditional role of commercial bank is to
Act as intermediary between individuals or companies with surplus funds (lenders) and those with funding requirement (borrowers)
Securitisation =
Process of converting illiquid assets (usually property - mortgages) into financial instruments (securities) that can be readily bought and sold in financial markets
Securitisation process (MBS - Mortgage backed securities)
1) Mortgages (100s/ 1000s) are grouped together based on yearly mortgage payments bank expects to receive
2) Rights to annual payments are sold as securities to third party eg investment bank
3) Buyers of securities gain right to collect mortgage payments
Two main types of bank facility in UK
- Overdraft facility
- Term loan
Committed facility
Lender is contractually obliged to make funds available during the term of the agreement .
Features of committed facility (2)
- Lender stipulates ‘events of default’ - events which trigger the ability of the bank to call for immediate repayment of facility
- Commitment fee (non-utilisation fee) - cost to company if facility not fully drawn down/ delayed)
Two main types of committed facility
- Term loan
- Revolving credit facility (RCF)
Term loan main characteristic
Once drawn, the amount of the loan cannot be increased again without new loan agreement
Four features of term loan
- Maturity
- Repayment profiles
- Interest rate
- Margin
Maturity
Can range from one to ten years (or longer) depending on credit standing of the borrower and condition of the bank market at the time. Full amount can be withdrawn at outset or can be made in several tranches over agreed period.
Repayment profiles (3)
- Can be made in single lump sum at final maturity (bullet repayment)
- OR instalments over a period (amortising)
- OR balloon payment - smaller regular instalments + disproportionately large final repayment after smaller regular instalments
Interest rate (2)
- Quoted as either percentage or in terms of basis points (one hundredth of one percent)
- Fixed or floating (eg specified margin over base rate/ LIBOR)
Margin (3)
- Depends on borrower’s credit standing and term of the loan
- Margin need not remain constant
- Ratchet/ two way ratchet > agreement for varying the margin in the future > usually related to trading performance
Revolving credit facility (RCF)
Provides known amount of readily available funds, which borrower can draw down, repay and redraw over term of facility (usually 1-7 years)
RCF are very flexible debt financing option because
Company can minimise interest payments because borrowing fluctuates over time, and never draw down more than needed
Evergreen facility
Subject to bank’s agreement, final maturity may be extended annually by further year (far less common today)
Multi-option facilities (MOFs)
Revolving credit facility which is available in alternative currencies
Uncommitted facilities =
Agreement where bank agrees to make flexible short term funding available to borrower on demand (usually for temporary needs) less costly to arrange
Effective annual cost =
1 - (1 + r) ^-n
Overdraft =
Overdrawn balance on a current account.
Helps manage working capital requirements
Overdraft facility letter includes (5)
- Amount of limit
- Period until next review
- Basis for calc of interest (usually daily at margin over base rate or LIBOR)
- Interval at which interest is charged
- Provisions regarding security, guarantees or default
In UK, generally overdrafts are
Repayable on demand
Washout clause
Requirement for overdraft facility to operate in credit for a specified period of time