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Biology > Module 13 > Flashcards

Module 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is a notochord?

A

A rod of tough, flexible material that runs the length of a creature’s body, providing the majority of its support.

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1
Q

What are vertebrae?

A

Segments of bone or some other hard substance that are arranged into a back bone.

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2
Q

Which types of backbones have a dorsal nerve cord?
A. Vertebrae
B. Notochord
C. Both

A

C. All have a dorsal nerve cord.

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3
Q

What are the three subphyla and their definitions in Phylum Chordata?

A

Urochordata- notochord through the larva stage
Cephalochordata- notochord throughout whole life
Vertebrata- notochord during early development, which becomes a true backbone.

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4
Q

What is an example of subphylum Urochordata?

A

Sea Squirt.

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5
Q

What is an example of phylum Cephalochordata?

A

Lancelet.

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6
Q

What is a endoskeleton?

A

A skeleton on the inside of a creature’s body, typically composed of cartilage.

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7
Q

What is a bone matrix?

A

A hard substance on the outside of the bone.

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8
Q

What are the three types of living cells in bone and their purposes?

A

Osteoblasts- produces the bone matrix
Osteocytes- mature bone cells surrounded by the bone matrix
Osteoclasts- break down bone tissue

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9
Q

What is compact bone tissue?

A

Calcium-hardened fibers packed tightly together

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10
Q

What is spongy bone tissue?

A

Fibers packed loosely.

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11
Q

What are both types of bone tissue composed of?

A

Collagen mixed with calcium-containing salts tht harden the tissue.

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12
Q

What texture does the collagen mixture that composes bone tissue give the bone?

A

A hard, rock-like feel.

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13
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

In bone tissue.

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14
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A dense membrane surrounding the bone.

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15
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells.

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16
Q

What are the two major sections of the endoskeleton?

A

The axial skeleton- supports and protects head, neck, trunk, vertebral column (backbone), ribs and skull.
The Appendicular skeleton- attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it.

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17
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying cells never leave the blood vessels.

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18
Q

How many chambers can the heart of a member of subphylum Vertebrata have?

A

2-4

19
Q

What is the path of the flow of blood in a closed circulatory system?

A

Heart -> arteries -> capillaries -> veins -> heart

20
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry the blood away from the heart

21
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells.

22
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

23
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Protein, gives the blood its red color, and allows oxygen to be transported by the blood.

24
Q

What contains hemoglobin?

A

Red blood cells.

25
Q

What are the two colors blood can have, and what do they mean?

A

Bright red- oxygen rich

Dark red- oxygen poor

26
Q

What is the main center of the nervous system?

A

The brain

27
Q

How many lobes does the brain have, what are their names, and what do they do?

A

The brain has 5 lobes. These are:
Olfactory lobe- nose
Cerebrum- senses, responses
Optic- eyes
Cerebellum- involuntary and muscle movement
Medulla Oblongata- vital functions and transports signals to the spinal cord

28
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

It sends signals to and from the brain.

29
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

The vertebral column.

30
Q

What does the spinal cord contain? And what are the two types?

A

Spinal nerves.
Sensory nerves- sense it
Motor nerves- act on it

31
Q

What are the two types of fertilization?

A

Internal and external

33
Q

What are the three types of egg development?

A

Oviparous development- egg hatched outside (bird)
Ovoviviparous development- egg hatched inside (guppies)
Viviparous development- placenta inside body of female (mammals)

34
Q

Name 2 points about Class Agnatha, and give an example.

A
  • Jawless Fish
  • Anadromous- A life cycle in which creatures are hatched in freshwater, migrate to salt water as adults, and then return to freshwater to reproduce.
  • Example- Lamprey
35
Q

Name 3 points about Class Agnatha and give an example.

A
  • Carilaginous fish
  • Lateral Line
  • Three dimension electrical field sensor
  • Example- Shark.
36
Q

Name 6 points about Class Amphibia.

A
  • Dual Life
  • Begin life in water
  • Eggs develop outside of mother
  • Larvae have gills
  • Metamorphosis- air breathing respiration, fins disappear and legs appear
  • Adult is an air-breathing, land-dwelling creature
37
Q

Name 6 specific characteristics about Class Amphibia (particularly about their anatomy)

A
  • Endoskeleton mostly bone
  • Smooth skin (no scales)
  • 2 pairs of limbs + webbed feet
  • Up to 4 organs for respiration
  • 3 chambered heart
  • Oviparous with external fertilization
38
Q

Name Class Amphibia’s 4 breathing organs.

A
  • Gills
  • Lungs- backup
  • Skin- main breathing organ
  • Lining of the mouth
39
Q

What is the definition of hibernation?

A

A state of extremely low metabolism and respiration, accompanied by lower-than-normal body temperatures.

40
Q

How many chambers do members of class Amphibia have in their heart?

A

3.

41
Q

What kind of blood does the left atrium of the heart of an amphibian hold?

A

Oxygen rich blood, from lungs, mouth, or skin, through the pulmonary vein.

42
Q

What kind of blood does the right atrium of the heart of an amphibian hold?

A

Oxygen poor blood, from internal organs through the sinus venosus.

43
Q

What kind of blood does the ventricle of the heart of an amphibian hold?

A

Oxygen rich and poor blood mixed from the atriums.

44
Q

Follow the path of blood from the ventricle of an amphibian.

A

Ventricle -> conus arteriosus -> left and right truncus arteriosus -> carotid arches, aortic arches, pulmocutaneous arteries

45
Q

Where does the blood from the carotid arches go?

A

To the head.

46
Q

Where does the blood from the aortic arches go?

A

to the dorsal aorta.

47
Q

Where does the blood from the pulmocutaneous arteries go?

A

The lungs, skin, mouth, to be reoxygenated.

Biology (9 decks)

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