*Module 12: Infant Flashcards
When does maximal GI tract growth and differentiation occur during gestation?
Maximal GI tract growth and differentiation happens from week 28 and on of gestation.
What challenges do infants born before 34 weeks face regarding feeding?
Infants born before 34 weeks cannot coordinate sucking, swallowing, and breathing and may need tube feeding.
How does intestinal length affect nutrient absorption?
Intestinal length may affect nutrient absorption.
What is the adult length of the small intestine reached by?
Adult length of the small intestine is reached by age 4.
Why can babies digest most carbohydrates?
Production of many intestinal enzymes are sufficiently mature at birth.
Why do infants not have trouble with lactose-containing formula?
Salivary amylase helps break it down.
What happens to unabsorbed lactose in infants?
Unabsorbed lactose enters the colon and helps with growth of helpful bacteria and suppresses growth of pathogenic organisms.
How often must babies be fed?
Babies must be fed every 2-3 hours.
When does glomerular filtration increase until?
Glomerular filtration increases until growth stops, toward the end of the second decade of life.
What is solute load?
Solute load is the mass of solute that enters the body in a certain amount of time.
What is renal solute load?
Renal solute load consists of solutes of endogenous or dietary origin that requires excretion.
What is failure to thrive?
Failure to thrive is growth that is significantly lower than the norms of age and gender.
What are the four most common associated factors with failure to thrive?
The four most common associated factors are medical, nutritional, developmental, and social.
What factors do estimates of energy requirements vary with?
Estimates of energy requirements vary with age and clinical condition.
On what basis are estimates for energy requirements for children made?
Estimates for energy requirements for children are based on total energy expenditure and promoting growth.
What did the Infant Formula Act of 1980 establish?
The Infant Formula Act of 1980 established minimum standards for 29 nutrients and maximum standards for 9 nutrients.
Which formulas are exempt from the Infant Formula Act requirements?
Formulas for special problems/diets are exempt.
Which country produces formulas that do not meet the Infant Formula Act requirements?
Formulas manufactured in China do not meet the Infant Formula Act requirements.
Do normal, healthy infants need supplemental water up to 6 months?
No, normal, healthy infants do not need supplemental water up to 6 months.
What is the fluid content of most infant foods for 6-12 months?
Most infant foods contain 60-70% more water than normal foods and infants are still getting milk/formula.
How can metabolic effects help control seizures in children?
Metabolic effects can help control seizures in children.
Where does fiber come from for infants aged 6-12 months?
Fiber comes from whole cereal, green veggies, and legumes.
What amino acid is human milk high in and is formula supplemented with?
Human milk is high in taurine, which formula is supplemented with.
What supplementation do pre-term infants need?
Pre-term infants need protein and micronutrients supplementation.
What is the goal of Healthy People 2030 regarding infant nutrition?
The goal is to improve the health and safety of infants and to exclusively breastfeed for the first 6 months.
What does the AAP support regarding breastfeeding?
The AAP supports breastfeeding through the first 2 years when possible.
What is the only acceptable alternative to human milk per AAP?
The only acceptable alternative to human milk per AAP is iron-fortified infant formula.
In what type of containers should human milk be stored?
Human milk should be stored in glass containers.
What are the benefits of breastfeeding for infants?
Benefits include nutrition, bonding, decreased rates of SIDS, DM1/DM2, obesity, asthma, and a slight enhancement in IQ type tests.
What are the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers?
Benefits include bonding, decreased postpartum bleeding, decreased menstrual blood loss, increased spacing between children, earlier return to pre-pregnancy weight, and decreased risk of breast/ovarian cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.
What are the contraindications for breastfeeding?
Contraindications include HIV+ status, active TB, infant galactosemia, and maternal need for medications not compatible with breastfeeding.
What resources are available for infant medication information?
Resources include Briggs Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation, Hale’s Medications and Mothers’ Milk, and LactMed.
What can feeding immediately before a mother’s next dose do?
It may help minimize exposure.
Is whole cow milk suitable for infants less than 1 year?
No, whole cow milk is not suitable for infants less than 1 year and is associated with iron deficiency.
Is reduced fat cow milk recommended during the first 2 years of life?
No, reduced fat cow milk is not recommended during the first 2 years of life due to an unbalanced percentage of calories.
What is the primary nutrient source for most commercially based formula?
The primary nutrient source for most commercially based formula is cow milk.
Is reduced fat cow milk recommended during diarrhea?
No, reduced fat cow milk is not recommended during diarrhea due to exacerbation of dehydration.
What is evaporated milk?
Evaporated milk is a sterile, convenient source of cow milk with standardized concentrations of protein, fat, and carbs, but is not recommended for infant feeding.
How does goat milk compare to cow milk for infants?
Goat milk is more readily digested than cow milk, but unfortified goat milk is not recommended due to deficiencies in folate, iron, and vitamin D.
What is the International Formula Council?
The International Formula Council is a voluntary, non-profit trade association of big companies like Nestle, Abbott, Perrigo, and Pfizer.
What must liquid formulations be free of according to the International Formula Council?
Liquid formulations must be free of all viable pathogens or organisms that degrade the product.
What are milk-based formulas made from?
Milk-based formulas are made from non-fat cow milk fortified with vegetable oils and carbohydrates.
When should therapeutic formulas be used?
Therapeutic formulas should only be used under close medical supervision and must be recommended by a healthcare provider caring for the infant.
What are the indications for soy-based therapeutic formulas?
There are few indications for soy-based therapeutic formulas, and they are not recommended for infants with cystic fibrosis.
Why should soy-based formulas not be given to CF patients?
CF patients do not use the soy protein adequately.
What can diarrhea lead to in infants?
Diarrhea can lead to dehydration and failure to thrive.
What can cause diarrhea in infants?
Diarrhea can be caused by improper reconstitution of formula.
Why are infants very susceptible to dehydration?
Infants are very susceptible to dehydration due to a higher metabolic rate and a higher ratio of surface area to weight and height.
What are the signs and symptoms of infant/child dehydration?
- Dry tongue/lips
- No tears when crying
- Fewer than six wet diapers per day (infants)
- No wet diapers or urination for eight hours (toddlers)
- Sunken eyes
- Dry/wrinkled skin
- Deep/rapid breathing
- Cold and blotchy hands/feet
When is medical attention needed for diarrhea?
Medical attention is needed for diarrhea plus any of the following: severe (high frequency) diarrhea, diarrhea continuing for 72+ hours, or if the infant has fever, lethargy, anorexia, irritability, dry mucous membranes, or decreased urine output.
What is baby bottle tooth decay?
Baby bottle tooth decay is the destruction of numerous deciduous teeth in infants and toddlers who take a bottle of milk, juice, or sweetened drink to bed, leading to metabolic acids that break down tooth enamel.
What type of water should be used in formulas?
Bottled/purified water or boiled water (make sure it cools down) should be used in formulas.
What can overly concentrated formulas lead to?
Overly concentrated formulas may lead to metabolic acidosis and renal failure.
What can over dilution of formula lead to?
Over dilution of formula can lead to water intoxication.
What can water intoxication lead to?
Water intoxication can lead to irritability, hyponatremia, coma, brain damage, or death.
What can grazing indicate in breastfeeding infants?
Grazing can be a sign of inadequate intake in breastfeeding infants.
What is regurgitation in the context of overfeeding?
Regurgitation is when stomach contents flow back into the esophagus and reach the mouth, resulting in a more noticeable taste of stomach contents.
What is reflux in the context of overfeeding?
Reflux is when stomach contents flow back into the esophagus but do not reach the mouth, causing a burning sensation and bad taste.
What does vomiting indicate in the context of overfeeding?
Green tinted vomit indicates the need for immediate referral for evaluation.
What is colic in the context of overfeeding?
Colic is prolonged intense crying or fussiness for no apparent reason.
What is WIC?
WIC is a federal grant program that funds services and products for pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women, children up to age 5, and infants.
What common infant supplementation is recommended?
Common infant supplementation includes Vitamin D, iron, multivitamin/mineral, and fluoride.
What supplementation is necessary for pre-term infants?
Calcium, phosphorus, and Vitamin D supplementation is necessary for adequate bone mineralization and to prevent osteopenia and rickets.
