Module 11: CO, CN, and Heavy Metals Flashcards
too much or too little of essential trace elements
Hormesis
Analysis technique
Introduce sample into argon plasma; aerosol droplets added to argon plasma; plasma dries aerosol and disassociates molecules and moves electrons forming a single charged ion which is then directed into mass filter (MS)
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spec (ICP-MS)
Analysis technique
Sample into small graphite tube; then heated; allowed to vaporize and atomize; amount of light absorbed is proportional to amount of # of atoms
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS):
Analysis technique
Uses intensity of light emitted from excitation of elemental atoms (from flame/spark) at a specific wavelength to determine quantity of an element in sample
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: (or Optical Emission Spectroscopy; AES or OES)
Heavy metal associated with Mee’s lines (white lines on nails)
Arsenic
How is Barium toxicity caused?
Hypokalemia (low potassium) - agonist of potassium channels
Beryllium primarily affects what organ system?
Lungs
Heavy metal that has a long detection time in bone
Lead
Heavy metal associated with pink disease (acrodynia)
Mercury
Heavy metal poisoning that may be confused with Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Also a byproduct of other heavy metal production
Thallium
protein in red blood cells that carries O2; four protein subunits each with a heme group with an iron atom
Hemoglobin
Approximate affinity of CO for hemoglobin compared to oxygen
200-270x
Best/worst tissues for CO testing
Best: spleen, bone marrow
worst: liver
*Needs to contain hemoglobin so no urine, serum
Microdiffusion/Conway result for CO
silver
*Uses palladium chloride + acid
This can be present in blood via B12 metabolism
CN
*Highly distributed in blood compared to plasma (think Hemoglobin)
Microdiffusion/Conway result for CN
Violet
Distinctive post-mortem finding of CO
Cherry red discoloration
Distinctive post-mortem finding of CN
Bitter almond smell, sometimes bright red color of blood
Distinctive post-mortem finding of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
green discoloration of grey matter, bronchial
egg smell
Which of the following does the Reinsch test not cover?
Arsenic
Antimony
Lead
Bismuth
Mercury
Lead
*Tests for antimony, arsenic, bismuth, selenium, thallium and mercury
The addition of _____ reduces oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin to Hb while leaving COHb unaffected.
Sodium hydrosulfite
%COHb saturations of _____ are considered normal for smokers.
10%
CN causes:
Hypoxia, Metabolic alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis, A and B, A and C
A and C
The primary target organ of CN is the _____:
Brain
CN levels less than _____ are generally considered to be normal levels.
< 0.26 mg/L
True or False: The liver can detoxify a significant amount of orally ingested CN.
True
Cyanide metabolite:
Thiocyanate
Blood CN concentrations above ___ are consistent with death.
3 mg/L
99% of Pb that is absorbed is bound to:
Hb in red blood cells
Rhodanese is involved in _____ metabolism.
CN
Pb causes increased _____ in the blood.
Zinc protoporphyrin
Urine = Delta-ALA
The most toxic form of arsenic:
Arsine
Formation of _____ is an antidote for CN poisoning.
Methemoglobin
Major arsenic metabolite:
DMA
Potassium CN may be used in the manufacture of:
PCP
Stopping of the Kreb’s cycle leads to accumulation of:
Pyruvic Acid
Heavy metal that causes black or gray line along the gums:
Lead
CN antidote:
Nitrite/Thiosulfate
Arsenic antidote:
BAL
Removes metal contamination from collection containers and devices:
10% nitric acid
Pb causes increased _____ in the urine.
Delta-ALA
