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Miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

Decomposition products that causes false positives of amphetamine immunoassays:

A

beta-phenethylamine
tyramine

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2
Q

Atropine is an antidotes to which substance?

A

organophosphates

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3
Q

ionized vs non ionized drugs in terms of polarity and charge

A

ionized = carries charge, polar; cant pass thru membranes

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4
Q

Main diuretic effect of ethanol is due to:

A

inhibition of secretion of antidiuretic hormone

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5
Q

Actions of PCP act on what neurotransmitter?

A

Dopaminergic

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6
Q

Effect observed in 50% of PCP toxicity:

A

Hypertension

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7
Q

True/False: acidic and neutral drugs produce slightly higher serum concentrations than basic drugs

A

TRUE

Think about THC (~x2 higher in serum)

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8
Q

How does cyanide produce toxicity?

A

Inhibit cytochrome oxidase

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9
Q

4 Signs of salicylate poisoning:

A

Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic Acidosis
Hyperpyrexia
Tinnitus

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10
Q

Inducible in chronic ethanol user

A

MEOS; CYP2E1

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11
Q

Source of 207 and 73 in full scan

A

Column bleed

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12
Q

How many electrodes does an ion trap have?

A

3

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13
Q

How is resolution affected if column length doubled?

A

x1.4

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14
Q

Systematic error affects:

A

Accuracy

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15
Q

Random error affects:

A

Precision

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16
Q

Water is a good solvent for:

A

Salts of organic acids and bases

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17
Q

Instrument best for low polarity compounds such as hydrocarbons

A

GC/MS

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18
Q

equation elimination rate constant, kel:

A

kel = clearance/volume of distribution

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19
Q

equation t1/2:

A

t 1/2 = 0.693/kel

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20
Q

detector that is sensitive for compounds over a wide linear range

A

FID

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21
Q

detector that is sensitive for trace-level detection of compounds with electronegative functional groups:

A

ECD

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22
Q

Type of ionization that uses a fine spray of LC effluent that is vaporized in a high temperature tube:

A

APCI

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23
Q

Type of ionization that used photons as the energy source for the ionization process:

A

APPI

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24
Q

hapten + immunogenic molecule =

A

Immunogen

AKA antigen

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25
Q

Hook Effect

A

antibody./antigen concentration is so high; false negatives

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26
Q

In FPIA: when fluorescein label is free, it rotates freely in solution causing the polarized light emitted to:

increase, decrease, unchange

A

decrease

think inversely proportional

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27
Q

Immunoassay: drug is found in donors sample–> the unbound enzyme donor reassembles and reacts with the substrate to change the color absorbance:

A

CEDIA

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28
Q

Produced by animals in vivo; single cell; bind to single epitope on antigen

A

Monoclonal antibody

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29
Q

2 Disadvantages of orally ingested drugs:

A

first pass effect

low oral bioavailibility

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30
Q

True/False: Drugs that are weak acids are excreted faster in alkaline urine

A

True

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31
Q

Drugs that inhibit the activity of ADH:

A

Cimetidine, Ranitidine

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32
Q

Ethanol BP compared to water:

A

lower

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33
Q

Used as marker for poppyseed ingestion:

A

Thebaine

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34
Q

What pH and temperature conditions is Cocaine susceptible to hydrolysis under:

A

Alkaline and high temperature

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35
Q

Cocaine prevents reuptake of whate 3 NTs?

A

Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine

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36
Q

NT associated with Meth

A

GABA

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37
Q

k1
k2
k3

A

68%
95%
99%

think of uncertainty (2, 3)

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38
Q

Major metabolic pathway for Arsenic

A

Urine

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39
Q

Most toxic form of Arsenic

A

Arsine

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40
Q

Detectors used for CN:

A

ECD, NPD

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41
Q

Arsenic species from least to most toxic

arsine
A3+
A5+
A0

A

A0 <A5+ <A3+ < Arsine

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42
Q

DHHS urine cutoff cannabinoids

A

50 ng/mL

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43
Q

Long term PCP users feel effects after:

A

15-30 min

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44
Q

plot mean + 1,2, 3 STDEVs

can show difference between normal variation and systematic error

Show of accuracy

A

Levey-Jennings Chart

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45
Q

Put in order of increasing T 1/2 :

BE, Cocaine, EME

A

Coc (0.7-1.5), EME (3-8), BE (6-8)

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46
Q

Conway Diffusion: Add sample and sulfuric acid to outer well. Add sodium hydroxide to inner
well and incubate 4 hours. What could be tested for using this procedure?

A

CN

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47
Q

Order the following according to potency

Fentanyl, Acetyl Fentanyl, Carfentanil, Sufentanil, remifentanil, lofentanil

A

Acetyl Fentanyl
Fentanyl (approx equal to remi),
Remifentanil,
Sufentanil,
Carfentanil,
lofentanil

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48
Q

In the 1950s PCP use was studied for what application?

A

Anethesia

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49
Q

Which of the following does the Reinsch test not cover?

Arsenic
Antimony
Lead
Bismuth
Mercury

A

Lead

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50
Q

Range of THC effects with regard to time

peak?
60%
20%

A

peak [x] ~ 9 min
60% of peak w/I 15 min
20% w/I 30 min

51
Q

What is the potency of oral THC compared to smoked?

52
Q

What is the name of the structure of synthetic cathinones?

A

Beta-ketophenethylamine

53
Q

Less fragmentation with what type of ionization

A

Chemical Ionization

M+ would predominate

54
Q

Average pH of blood

55
Q

Synthetic Cathinones are the most similar to which drug?

A

Methamphetamine

56
Q

What effects would be observed at 0.04 gm% BAC?

Euphoria
Increased sociability
Difficulty with coordination
Coma

57
Q

Which court case established the confrontation clause allowing defendants to face an expert witness in court?

A

Melendez-Diaz

58
Q

Efficiency of a Method is Determined by

A

accuracy, precision, specificity, sensitivity (limit of detection), linearity, range, robustness, and recovery

59
Q

[THC] in serum vs blood

60
Q

A process in analytical chemistry that recovers an organic compound from an aqueous solution. It’s often used in liquid-liquid extraction to improve the compatibility of the extract with measurement and separation techniques.

A

Back extraction

Example is adding an organic after acidification

61
Q

Most Prescribed Barb in US

A

Butalbital

62
Q

When using a proficiency test to validate a method which of the following are true?

You should use a result averaged from multiple analysts
You should compare to the spiked concentration
You should compare to the average result reported by other labs
None of the above
All of the above

A

All of the Above

63
Q

Which of the following is true about confirmation testing?

It is more unique than a screen
It is more specific than a screen
The cutoff is lower than a screen
All of the above
None of the above

A

All of the above

64
Q

Why are THC screen (immunoassay?) results often higher than the confirmation?

A

Cross-Reactivity

65
Q

What type of agent should you treat glassware with to prevent THC from adhering?

66
Q

What is repeatability a measure of?

67
Q

What ratio will be ionized vs unionized for a weak acid at pH 4.0?
1:1
1:2
1:100
1:1000

68
Q

half life of 6MAM

Detection window in urine

A

6-30 min

8 hours

69
Q

no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.

A

Schedule I

EX: heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana (cannabis), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), methaqualone, and peyote.

70
Q

high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence.

Some medical use.

A

Schedule II

EX: combination products with less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage unit (Vicodin), cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl, Dexedrine, Adderall,

71
Q

moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence.

Medical uses.

A

Schedule III

EX: products containing less than 90 milligrams of codeine per dosage unit (Tylenol with codeine), ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone

72
Q

low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence.

Medical use

A

Schedule IV

Some examples of Schedule IV drugs are: Xanax, Soma, Darvon, Darvocet, Valium, Ativan, Talwin, Ambien, Tramadol

73
Q

lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV and consist of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics.; generally used for antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes.

A

Schedule V

EX: cough preparations with less than 200 milligrams of codeine or per 100 milliliters (Robitussin AC), Lomotil, Motofen, Lyrica, Parepectolin

74
Q

antagonist

-Used to treat opioid addiction after withdrawal has completed; also used for chronic alcoholics

A

Naltrexone

75
Q

antagonist

-Narcan; used to treat opioid ODs (respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, coma)

76
Q

Which cannot be with an HPLC?
NPD, UV-VIS, Fluorometer, MS

77
Q

Category of naturally derived opiods

A

Phenanthrenes

ie. Heroin, Morphine, Codeine, Hydromorphone

78
Q

Category of synthetic opioids

A

Phenylpiperidines

ie. Fentanyl, Mepiridine

79
Q

Metabolism of Cocaine

A

Hydrolyzed to BE (inactive)
Hydrolyzed to EME (inactive)
Demethylated to Norcocaine (active, neurotoxic)

80
Q

How are compounds retained on a polar column?

A

Hydrogen bonding/dipole-dipole interaction

81
Q

Silica phenyl methyl columns

A

Non-polar

retain non-polar molecules longer

82
Q

3 types of derivitization

A

alkylation (add group like ethyl/methyl)

acylation (add acetyl group)

silylation (add trimethyl silyl group)

Cover up active hydrogens with non-polar groups

drugs with -NH, -OH **think THC; bstfa

83
Q

Type of ionization performed at atmospheric pressure using ions that are produced by a corona discharge

84
Q

Workplace testing for urine looks at these three factors:

A

pH
creatinine
specific gravity

85
Q

How does diabetes affect BAC?

A

A diabetic’s blood alcohol content will often be measured quite a bit higher than is accurate because insulin will speed up the metabolism of blood sugar and thus, ethanol, “dumping” more into waste products exhaled by the lungs and into the blood.

lower blood sugar bc liver is processing alcohol not releasing glucose

86
Q

What is repeatability a measure of?

87
Q

Morphine could come from the following sources except:
Hydromorphone
Heroin
Opium
Codeine
6-MAM

A

Hydromorphone

88
Q

Hemolysis is a characteristic toxic effect of which of the following:
mercury, arsine, lead, thallium, nickel

89
Q

The following drug is frequently analyzed in plasma specimens by GC – NPD is:
Ethanol, THC, acetone, chlordane, doxepin

90
Q

The collection of blood in a container with this preservative can falsely elevate GHB concentrations:

A

Citrate

**not 1% sodium citrate

91
Q

After an acute dose of cocaine, brain concentrations of this neurotransmitter increase rapidly, and then decrease to below normal concentrations:

92
Q

This drug acts as a competitive GABA antagonist in humans:

A

Flumazenil

**antagonist!!!

93
Q

What type of derivatizing agent is…

Acetic Anhydride

Example of what it’s used for

A

Acylation

Fent, Opiates

94
Q

What type of derivatizing agent is…

MTBSTFA

Example of what it’s used for

A

Silylation

Benzos

95
Q

What type of derivatizing agent is…

TMPAH

Example of what it’s used for

A

Alklyating

Barbs

96
Q

What type of derivatizing agent is…

PFAA

Example of what it’s used for

A

Acylation

Fluox

97
Q

What type of derivatizing agent is…

BSTFA

Example of what it’s used for

A

Silylation

Coke, 6-MAM, Cannabinoids

98
Q

Time to peak BAC post consumption?

A

10 min 1-2 drinks
30 min 3-4 drinks

99
Q

Where is % of EtOH absorbed?

A

80% small intestine

20% stomach

100
Q

Levels of EtOH impairment

A

-0.02-0.12 Euphoria

-0.09 – 0.25 Excitement

-0.15 – 0.30 Confusion/Severe intoxication

-0.25 – 0.40 Stupor

101
Q

Can only perform retrograde extrapolation if these three requirements are met:

A

1) Haven’t consumed any etOH since crash

2) Eliminating at constant rate

3) All etOh has been absorbed (usually w/I 0.5 – 1 hr) (decending part of the curve)

102
Q

Widmark Equation

A

BAC = [EtOH consumed in grams/(Bodyweight in grams x Vd)] x100

103
Q

A =ebC

A

Beer-Lambert Law

A = absorbance
e = molar absorptivity
b = path length
C = concentration

104
Q

You have an HPLC/UV-VIS injection in which there is background spiking and a flat bottom to the peaks. What could be the cause?

A

Solvent needs degassing

The sample contains particles clogging something

105
Q

Examples of Synthetic Cathinones

A

Mephedrone (4-MMC), M-CAT)
Methylone
Methcathinone
Buphedrone
Bupropion
Pyrovalerone
Alpha-Pyrrolidinovalerophenone (alpha-PVP)
MDPV.

106
Q

Examples of Synthetic Cannabinoids

A

JWH-
AM-
RCS-
AM-
-CHMINACA
-FUBINACA
XLR-
-PINACA

107
Q

results from different labs are linked to a common reference material (RM) and are comparable across analytical methods, testing locations, and time (same results no matter where we send samples)

A

standardization

108
Q

This compound is hepatoxic with death occurring after several days.

A

Acetaminophen

109
Q

Metabolize to Nordiazepam:

A

Chlordiazezepoxide
Clorazepate
Diazepam
Parzepam
Halazepam

110
Q

Diazepam metabolite(s):

A

Nordiazepam
Temazepam

111
Q

Nordiazepam metabolite(s):

112
Q

Temazepam metabolite(s):

113
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

A

pH = pKa + log [(ionized)/(unionized)]

114
Q

pKa strong acid

pKa weak acid

pKa weak base

pKa strong base

A

Strong acid: < 1

Weak acid: 4-6

Weak base: 7-10ish

Strong base: > 12

115
Q

ionization method for low to medium polarity molecules that are easily ionized

116
Q

pH at which ions are half ionized half unionized

117
Q

Primary cannabinoid detected in oral fluid after use

A

delta-9-THC

118
Q

What substances concentrate in hair due to ionic bonding to melanin?

A

Cocaine and Meth

119
Q

What is present in higher concentrations in hair?

THC or THCCOOH?

A

THC

THCCOOH would show personal use rather than environmental exposure

120
Q

Primary compound detected in hair after Cocaine use?

A

Cocaine parent

121
Q

Primary compound detected in oral fluid after Cocaine use?

A

Cocaine parent

122
Q

Conway Diffusion test using
Sulfuric Acid , NaOH

123
Q

Which of the following can be elevated in a decomposed sample?

Toluene
N-propanol
Methanol
Hexanol
Pentanol

A

N-propanol

124
Q

What benzodiazepines have no active metabolites?

A

Estazolam, lorazepam, oxazepam

ABFT Exam (15 decks)

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