Module 10

Question 1

labour force participation trends

Answer 1

• Considered to be in the labour force if they are working or looking for work
  
  • Signfigant chnages to labour force and trends have included: increased labour force partipation by older workers, more women in the labour force, and the decline of career employment (staying with the same employer for all/most of your working career)

Question 2

gendered nature of labour force participation

Answer 2

○ Currently almost all men are in the labour force until age 50, and then there is a gradual decline with age
○ Since the 1990s there has been an increased number f men in their 60s and 70s in the labour force
○ Since the 1990s there has been a gradual increase in the number of women aged 45+ In the labour force
○ Being driven by increased particpation by married women with children
○ Women are more liely to work part time than men

Question 3

racial and ethnic disparities in labour force participation

Answer 3

○ Racial and ethnic disparities in labour force particpation may exist due to: tyoes of employment common among certain racial and ethnic groups, rates of diability, and education levels
○ At every age black and hispanic americans are more likely to be unemployed comapred to white americans’

Question 4

older workers

Answer 4

○ Increased labour force participation in recent years
○ 2016 66% of those aged 55-64 and 14% of those aged 65+ were particpating in the labour force in canada
○ Very common to engage in part time work
§ Working less than 35 hours per week and is commonest amongst younger and older workers
○ Older women are most likely to work part time and do so volunatroly
○ Benfits: work can provide meaning and a sense of fulfillment, may provide health benefits, and provides additonal retirement income

Question 5

bridge jobs contingent work and phased retirement

Answer 5

• Older adults who work past retirement age may continue in their career or may instead ease themselves into retirement through bridge jobs,contigenet work, and phased retirement
  ○ Bridge jobs: jon workers take after their career jobs that serve as a transiton into retirmeent
  ○ Contigent work: workers are hired temporarily to do a specific tasl
  ○ Phased retirement: allows workers to slowly reduce their responsbilities and ease their way into retirment

Question 6

older job seekers

Answer 6

• Legislation prevents firing of older workers but it has limited effects on hiring practices where most age discrimination occurs
  
  • Challenges
    ○ Lack of training oppurtunites
    ○ Lack of part time or flexible hours
    ○ Decreased fitness for physically demanding jobs
    ○ Higher salaries mean they are seen as more expensive
    ○ Sterotypical beleifs and biases about older adults

Question 7

workplace support for older workers

Answer 7

• Governmenets are encouraging employers to invest in older workers due to the aging workforce and potential for labour shortages

Question 8

retirement

Answer 8

• Refers to withdral from the labour froce
  
  • In the past seen as a single event where one permenatly departed from working and their job, however now many people do not fully leave the work force
  • Retirement does not take place in some countries where there are no government pensions
    Retirement is supported by: companies, workers, unions, governements

Question 9

mandatory, involuntary, voluntary retirement

Answer 9

• Mandatory: requires based on industry custom or loaw that people who hold certain jobs or offcies leave their employment at a certain age
  
  • Involuntary: occurs when a person involutarily retires for a reason other than mandatory requirment ie job loss
  • Voluntary: occurs when a person wants to retire

Question 10

trends of late retirement

Answer 10

• Due to
  ○ Improved health
  ○ Decline in phsyically demanding work
  ○ Increase in defined contribution pension plans
  ○ Decline in retiree health benefits
  ○ Economic recession and lack of savings
  ○ Incentives in pension plans to work longer

Question 11

experiences of retirement

Answer 11

• Not only a change in status but also a transtion from employment to unemployment
  
  • People who retire involuntairly tend to have the most negative expereinces
  • Factors associated woth higher satisfaction
    ○ Good health, adequate income, advnaced planning, social connections and voluntary retirement
    ○ Women may have mre challenges adjusting to retirement than men due to the uneven division of household labour
    ○ Unmarried mean often lack social relationships after they retire
    Women expereince cumulative disadvantages throughout their life course and these can accumulate in late life resulting in more negative retirement expereinces

Question 12

public discourse on retirement

Answer 12

• Discussions on older adults, retirement and pensions have focused on 3 main discourse: prophecy of apocalyptic demography, retirement as the golden tears and the prospect of falling into poverty in retirement