Module 1 (Macromolecules) Flashcards
________: a _____ molecule that can _______ bind to other similar molecules to form a larger molecule called a polymer
Monomer, small, covalently
________: _____ number of monomers covalently bonded together (made up of ONLY ____ ____of monomer!)
Polymer, ONE TYPE
_______: any very large organic molecule, usually made up of smaller molecules called monomers that are covalently bonded to a polymer
Macromolecule
________ functions:
- ______ storage for metabolism
- ______ component
Carbohydrates, energy, structural
Carbohydrates are classified into three major groups: m______, d______, and p______
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
M_______: can exist as linear chains or as ring structures. Have many _______ (same chemical formula, different atom arrangements).
Can classify them based on the position of the c______ g______ (see image in OneNote). Can also be classified based on the ______ of carbon atoms in the chain
Monosaccharides, isomers, carbonyl group, number
Same chemical formula, different atom arrangements
Isomer
Examples of monosaccharides: r_____ and g______
Ribose and glucose
For monosaccharides, if the carbonyl is at the end of the carbon chain, it’s a____ (commonly found in plants). If the carbonyl is within the carbon chain, it’s k_____ (commonly found in processed food)
Aldose, ketose
The covalent bonds that join two monosaccharides are known as
Glycosidic bonds
Glycosidic bonds between monosaccharides produces a d_______, and a w_____ m_____ is removed (dehydration r______)
Disaccharide, water molecule, reaction
P________: Long c____ of monomers linked by glycosidic bonds. Can also be referred to as glycans
Polysaccharides, chain
A______ and b______ bonds in polysaccharides can change the structure of the polymer through their l______
Alpha, beta, linkages
N______ A_______: the two major types include ribonucleic acids (______) and deoxyribonucleic acids (______)
Nucleic Acids, RNA, DNA
______ use either DNA or RNA as their genetic material (never both)
Viruses
DNA Function: i______ s______
Information storage
RNA Function: involved in p_____ s______
Protein synthesis
Nucleotides are comprised of three components: a p_______ g_____, a p_____ sugar, and a n______ b____
Phosphate group, pentose, nitrogenous base
Nucleotide nitrogen bases are ______, but nucleotides themselves are _______ because the phosphate group and pentose sugar are __________
Hydrophobic, hydrophilic, hydrophilic
P______ b______: bond between nucleotides, creates a water molecule
http://tinyurl.com/3km7jfz5
Phosphodiester bond
L______: largely _____, they form very little hydrogen bonds with water, therefore ______ in water
Lipids, nonpolar, insoluble
Lipids are unique in that there are n_ c______ bonds formed between monomers of lipids to form them
No covalent
Three kinds of lipids with three different functions: T_______ - e____ s_____ (fat cells)
Triacylglycerol, energy storage
Three kinds of lipids with three different functions: P_______ - formation of biological m______
Phospholipid, membranes
Three kinds of lipids with three different functions: S_____ - s_____ molecules
Steroid, signaling
____ ______: Part of the triacylglycerol family, two types: saturated and unsaturated
Fatty Acids
_______ fatty acids do not have double bonds in the carbon chain and are therefore saturated with ______
Saturated, hydrogen
_______ fatty acids contain one or more carbon-carbon _____ _____
Unsaturated, double bonds
Which fatty acid is viscous?
http://tinyurl.com/23hxz87b
Saturated
There are two types of unsaturated fatty acids: c___, which is p_____ derived, and t___, which are a______ made
Cis, plant, trans, artificially
T________: formed by the addition of t____ fatty acid chains to glycerol. Basically a _____ fatty acid plus a _____ glycerol
Triacylglycerol, nonpolar, polar
Function of triacylglycerol: e_____ s_____ in the form of fat cells
Energy storage
V____ ___ ______ ____: a very weak interaction between molecules that is due to temporary chances attracting atoms that are very close together
Van der Waals force
Van der Waal forces are very weak, but many acting together help to s______ m______
stabilize molecules
P_______: have two major regions, one is h_______ and the other is _______
Phospholipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic
In phospholipids, the hydrophilic region always makes contact with the a______ environment. It’s also known as the p____ h____ group
Aqueous, polar head
In phospholipids, the hydrophobic region always makes contact with the fatty acid t_____ of a a different p_______
Tails, phospholipid
Because phospholipids have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties on the same molecule, it is known as an a_______ molecule
Amphipathic
Phospholipids make phospholipid b_____ that are the basis of biological m______
Bilayers, membranes
Phospholipids only have t___ fatty acids. They can be of ______ composition, including saturated and unsaturated.
Instead of a third fatty acid, there is a p_____ h_____ g_____. This can vary from one type of membrane to another
Two, different, polar head group
Phospholipid structures: l_____ has a b______ while micelle does not
Liposome, bilayer
S______: mostly composed of n______ bonds, h______ fused 4-ring structure
Steroids, nonpolar, hydrophobic
Function of steroids
Signaling molecules
