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Bio181 > Module 1 (Chemistry of Life) > Flashcards

Module 1 (Chemistry of Life) Flashcards

1
Q

Life’s chemical backbone

A

Carbon

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2
Q

What are valence electrons?

A
  • the number of electrons on the outermost shell
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3
Q

Why are valence electrons important?

A

Valence electrons and electron orbitals define the chemical reactivity of a substance

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4
Q

Versions of an element with different neutrons and mass numbers

A

Isotopes

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5
Q

Unstable isotopes that give off energy in the form of radiation that comes from the nucleus

A

Radioisotopes

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6
Q

Two protons and two neutrons (helium nuclei), positively charged
http://tinyurl.com/3p26k9d2

A

Alpha radiation

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7
Q

A beta particle (highly energetic electron) is released, negatively charged
http://tinyurl.com/3zyhh23p

A

Beta radiation

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8
Q

Highly energetic photons, short wavelength, electromagnetic, radiation is neutral. Usually accompanies an alpha or beta particle
http://tinyurl.com/2dua2h8r

A

Gamma radiation

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9
Q

True or False: Biologically, the total number of electrons of a chemical element are what determines the chemical element’s reactivity

A

False
It’s the valence electrons that determine the chemical element’s reactivity, not the total number of electrons

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10
Q

Transforms the atom, changes the number of neutrons

A

Radiation decay (alpha, beta, and gamma)

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11
Q

The number of bonds an atom can form is determined by

A

The number of unpaired valence electrons

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12
Q

Carbon can form how many covalent bonds?

A

4 covalent bonds

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13
Q

Oxygen can form how many covalent bonds?

A

2 covalent bonds

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14
Q

Nitrogen can form how many covalent bonds?

A

3 covalent bonds

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15
Q

Equal sharing of electrons, atoms have no charge

A

Nonpolar covalent bond

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16
Q

Atoms have partial charge, sharing of the electrons is not evenly divided

A

Polar covalent charge

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17
Q

Atoms have full charge, there is a transfer of electrons

A

Ionic bonds

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18
Q

Chemical property that describes the tendencies of an atom to attract electrons towards itself

A

Electronegativity

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19
Q

Which has more electronegativity, hydrogen or oxygen?

A

Oxygen

20
Q

Nonpolar value scale

A

0 - 0.4

21
Q

Polar threshold

A

0.4 - 0.5

22
Q

Polar value scale

A

0.5 - 1.8

23
Q

Ionic value scale

A

1.8 +

24
Q

In water, is the partial positive charge near the oxygen or the hydrogens?

A

The hydrogens

25
Q

In water, is the partial negative charge near the oxygen or the hydrogens?

A

The oxygen

26
Q

In a hydrophobic environment, how do water molecules behave?

A

Water molecules hydrogen bond to other water molecules (H - O)

27
Q

What elements does hydrogen connect to to create hydrogen bonding?

A

Fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen

28
Q

Warmer temperatures for water molecules causes more ______ (less proximity) between them, therefore there is _____ hydrogen bonding

A

dispersion, less

29
Q

Why is it important that water is a solvent for charged/polar compounds?

A

Most chemical reactions important for life take place in aqueous solution

30
Q

True or False: Water is denser as a liquid than a solid

A

True

31
Q

True or False: water has high specific heat and a high heat of vaporation

A

True

32
Q

NaCl is able to dissolve in water because

A

They are both polar substances

33
Q

Glucose is unable to dissolve in water because

A

Glucose is a nonpolar molecule and water is a polar molecule. Since they have different polarities, they don’t mix

34
Q

When NaCl and water mix, it creates a _______ __ _____, where the oxygen surrounds the sodium and the hydrogen surrounds the chlorine

A

Sphere of hydration

35
Q

Which is more likely to form a chemical bond with another atom: carbon or argon?

A

Carbon, because argon already has a full shell according to the octet rule

36
Q

What is the bond between two oxygens called?

A

Nonpolar

37
Q

The less polar bonds, the more ______ the molecule is

A

Hydrophobic

38
Q

If a molecule has about the same number of polar and nonpolar bonds, the molecule will be _____, and will be able to _____ ______ with water

A

Polar, hydrogen bond

39
Q

When molecules are surrounded by water molecules, but sticking to itself, this type of molecule is _____

A

Hydrophobic

40
Q

When a molecule is surrounded by water molecules on all sides and isn’t sticking to itself, this type of molecule is

A

Hydrophilic

41
Q

Atoms stick together for a long period of time, atoms have similar characteristics

A

Molecular Complementarity

42
Q

Interactions can result in _______ tendencies, where they stick together to avoid water (form of molecular complementarity)

A

Hydrophobic

43
Q

Two molecules, one with a positive charge and the other with a negative charge, have _____ molecular complementarity

A

Strong

44
Q

Two molecules, both with negative charges, have _____ molecular complementarity

A

Weak

45
Q

In a protein, there can be _____ _____ of molecular complementarity occurring

A

Different types

Bio181 (7 decks)

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