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BMSC 210 > Module 1- introduction to microbiology > Flashcards

Module 1- introduction to microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

definition of microbiology

A

the study of microorganisms

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2
Q

what are microorganisms

A

-can be unicellular, multicellular or acellular
-microscopic (not visible to naked eye)

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3
Q

why is microbiology important

A

-terraform the planet by producing oxygen (photosynthetic bacteria)
-backbone of the food chain (fex N req for plant growth)
-cause disease (plant, animal, human)
-promote health (produce vitimans)
-biotechnology and indistries (produce vinegar and medications)

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4
Q

what did our ancestors know about microbes

A

-traditional knowlage (discovery of rocky mtn spotted fever)
-traditional medicine (moldy bread on skin to treat wounds)
-infrastructures (aqueducts for freshwater, sewage management)
-fermented cheese, yogurt
-acquired immunity

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5
Q

how did our ancestors explain observations on microbes (theories)

A

-the miasma theory: infectious diseases were cased by bad air (miasma) emitted by rotting organic matter
-the theory of spontaneous generation: living organisms arise form non-living matter
-prevalent ideas in europe and some parts of africa and asia

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6
Q

how did the field of microbiology start

A

-microscopy started the field
-robert hooke & antonie van leeuwenhoek

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7
Q

robert hooke

A

-start of microbiology
-published book called micrographia
-described fruting structures of moulds
-first descriptions of microorganisms

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8
Q

antonie van leeuwenhoek

A

-start of microbiology
-simple microscope
-observed + describe bacteria
-wee animalcules

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9
Q

who was involved with the golden age if microbiology

A

-louis pasteur
-robert koch
microbial ecology:
-sergei winogradsky
-martinus beijernck

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10
Q

louis pasture

A

-fermentation: specific microbes, spoilage=unwanted
-pasteurization: kill bad microbes
-vaccines

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11
Q

robert koch

A

-establish link between disease and microbes
-lab techniques

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12
Q

sergei winogradsky

A

-microbial ecology
-microorganisms and cross feedings

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13
Q

martinus beijerinck

A

-microbial ecology
-identified N fixation

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14
Q

after the the microscope was invented what did fermented food beverages turn in to

A

food microbiology

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15
Q

after the the microscope was invented what did infrastructures turn into

A

public health measures

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16
Q

after the the microscope was invented what did traditional medicine turn into

A

modern pharmacology infectious diseases

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17
Q

what are the two types of microbes

A

cellular microbes and acellular microbes

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18
Q

what falls under cellular microbes

A

-prokaryotes (bacteria, archaea)
-eukaryotes (protist, fungi, micro-animals)

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19
Q

what falls under acellular microbes

A

-viruses
-prion

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20
Q

how do we classify microbes

A

-sequence genes to see how related they are
-look at evolution and see how they are related
-can then make up the phylogenic tree of life
-compared 16S ir 18S rRNA sequence

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21
Q

why aren’t viruses on the tree of life

A

they lack ribosomal RNA rRNA

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22
Q

what are 70S or 80S ribosomal RNA

A

-S for theodor Svedberg
-coefficent of sedimentation
-16S=position
-16S to 28S=subunit component
-30S to 60S=small sub unit
-70S to 80S= complete ribosomes

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23
Q

how do we name cellular life

A

-family, genus, species are italicized
-Escherichia coli when fist appears in text E. coli can be used after that (italicized)

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24
Q

what are the types of microscopes

A

-light microscope
-electron microscope
-scanning probe microscope (not studied)

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25
Q

what is the most important parameter for microscopy

A

-resolution
-contrast
-magnification

26
Q

what makes a microscope powerful

A

-magnification
-contrast
-resolution
(res+con=sharpness of image)

27
Q

magnification

A

-enlarges image
-10x means it is 10x the actual size
-ocular lends x objective lens=total magnification
-zooming in on poor quality image gives pixels

28
Q

resolution

A

-distinguish two adjacent objects
-limitation due to wave lengths (shorter=better)
-visible light vs electron:
-light=0.2 micrometers
-electron=0.2 nanometer

29
Q

contrast

A

-difference in brightness between structures
features of light or electrons

30
Q

light microscope: bright field

A

-dark image on light background
-cells absorb and scatter light differently than surrounding

31
Q

drawback to bright field microscope

A

-lack contrast/resolution
-not effective tool unless cells are stained

32
Q

if you have 10x ocular lends and 40x objective lends what is the total magnification

A

400x

33
Q

what are the ways we can fix bacteria to a slide

A

-easiest: heat
-more complex: chemical (formeldehyde)

34
Q

how can we see bacteria more easily

A

staining

35
Q

simple step staining

A

-step one: fixing the sample
-second step: add the stain (color)
-third step: rinse the sample

36
Q

different simple staining methods:

A

-basic stain (crystal violet)
-acid stain (rose bengal)
-negative stain (nigrosine)

37
Q

what is a basic stain for

A
  • charged molecs and structures
38
Q

what is acid stain for

A

+ charged molecs and structures

39
Q

what is negative stain for

A

to stain the background

40
Q

what would happen if we used basic and acidic stain for a bacterial sample

A

-each dye would bind to specific structures and help differentiate structures

41
Q

what is differential staining

A

-use two or more dyes
-helps characterize bacteria and/or identify specific structures

-gram stain (neg bacteria with or without outer membrane)
-acid fast stain (gram pos with or without outer membrane

42
Q

steps on how to gram stain

A

-step 1: crystal violet, primary stain added to specimen smear, stains cells purple or blue
-step 2: iodine, mordant makes dye less soluble so it adheres to cells walls, cells remail blue or purple
-step 3: alcohol, decolorizer washes away stain from gram-negative cellwalls, gram pos cells remain purple or blue, gram neg cells are colourless
-step 4: safranin, counterstain allows dye adherence to gram-neg cells, gram pos cells remain purple or blue, gram neg appear pink or red

43
Q

gram positive bacteria stain

A

-purple
-thick cells wall that is exposed to the external environment (no outer membrane)

44
Q

gram negative bacteria stain

A

-pink
-has a thinner cells wall that is protected from the external environment by the outer membrane

45
Q

if you skip the alcohol step what would the color of the gram negative be

A

purple

46
Q

how to acid-fast stain bacteria

A

-before youll have a transparent bacteria
-add carbol fuchsin stain (primary stain) crating a fuchsia
-rinse with alcohol (decolorizer of acid fast stain), acid-fast bacteria will be fuchsia, non-acid fast will be transparent
-add methylene blue (counterstain), AFB=purple non-AFB=blue/purple

47
Q

how can you identify different stuctures

A

differential staining

48
Q

how would you improve resolution and contrast (without staining) of light microscope

A

changing property of light source

49
Q

light microscope: dark field

A

-modified condenser
-creates hollow cone
-light does not pass through the specimen
-light is scattered by specimen
-refracted or reflected by light
-bright object on dark background

50
Q

dark field microscopy vs light field

A

-dark field has:
-better resolution (living samples)
-resolved some object
-good way to observe motility

51
Q

light microscopy- phase contrast

A

-annular ring
-alters property of light
-light passes through the specimen
-uses refraction and interference
-“white glow” objects on dark background

52
Q

phase contrast vs bright field

A

-phase contrast has:
-better resolution and contrast (living samples)
-visual specialized structures: organelles or eukaryotes, endospores of gram positive

53
Q

you discover new types of bacteria and suspect it forms endospores, what type of microscopy can be used to observe in real time

A

phase contrast microscopy with out stain, stain kills

54
Q

light microscopy- fluorescences

A

-fluorochromes (natural or added)
-excitation with a light source (UV of blue light)
-emits visible light
-filtered out exciting light

55
Q

fluorescent staining

A

-sample preparation
-fixed (dried or sectioned)
-living or dehydrated

-dies are fluorochromes
-attach fluorochromes to:
-antibodies (immunofluorescence)
-Lectins
-DNA

-florescent proteins

56
Q

how to improve resolution and magnification function of microscope

A

-decrease wave length of the source of your illumination

57
Q

electron microscopy

A

-higher resolution than light
-TEM: high resolution and magnification
-you dont get pixels
-samples are dead: freeze/dehydrates and thinly slices because electron do not penetrate thick samples
-sub-cellular structures
-molecular structures

58
Q

TEM vs light microscopy

A

exact same but TEM uses electrons light uses light

59
Q

TEM vs scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

A

-for SEM electrons “bounce” on sample
-give 3D appearence

60
Q

what is the best aplication to look at viruses

A

transmission electron microscope (very small)

BMSC 210 (17 decks)

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