Eukaryotes

Question 1

which groups of microbes are eukaryotes

Answer 1

fungi, algae, protist, micro-animals

Question 2

how did eukaryotes used to divided into groups

Answer 2

protist, fungi, plants, animals, which was based of characteristics

Question 3

how are eukaryotes now classified

Answer 3

excavata- flagellate protoza
amoebozoa- ameoboids and slime moulds
opisthokonta- fungi, animals, etc
rhizaria- amoeboids
chromalveolate- brown elgae, diatoms
-archaeplastida- plants, green algea, etc,

Question 4

protist

Answer 4

-unicellular eukaryote microbe
-not a formal taxonomic name (any more)
-environmental or pathogenic
-includes plant like algae, animal like protozoans, fungus like
-complex life cycle

Question 5

animal like protozoans

Answer 5

-protist
-zooplankton- motile non photosynthetic drifting or floating in water

Question 6

plant like algae

Answer 6

-protist
-photosynthetic
-unicellular or multicellular
-phytoplankton (drifting or floating in water)

Question 7

how do unicellular eukaryote microbes have complex life cycles

Answer 7

-asexual stages
-sexual stages
-trophozoites (metabolically active form)
-cyst (dormant form, survive harsh conditions)

Question 8

amoebozoa

Answer 8

-amoeboid movement
-pseupodia produced by actin microfilament
-commensal and parasitic species

-eumyctozoa (slime moulds)
-previously classified as animals, fungi and plants
-divided into 2: cellular and plasmodial
-cellular=unicellular can aggregate into mobile slugs
-plasmodial=large multinucleate cells

Question 9

when you think about the purpose of function of a protist “cyst” what bacterial cellular type would if be most comparable to

Answer 9

endospore

Question 10

chromalveolata

Answer 10

-united by simular origins of their plastids
-membrane bound organelles
-apicomplexans
-ciliates
-oomycetes

Question 11

apicomplexan

Answer 11

-chromalveolata group
-apical complex at one end of the cell
-which is a concentration of organelles, vacuoles and microtubules
-complex life cycle
-plasmodium=malaria

Question 12

ciliates

Answer 12

-chromalveolata
-large and diverse group
-presents of cilia on their cell surface
-locomotion and feeding
-fake mouth that allows them to eat
-paramecium

Question 13

Oomycetes

Answer 13

-chromaleolata
-water moulds
-not fungi
-differences: cellulose cell wall and diploid

Question 14

what is a distinguishing feature of apicomplexin

Answer 14

apical complex at the end of the cell

Question 15

excavata

Answer 15

-complex cell shapes and surface
-depression on the surface of the cell (excavate)
-primitive eukaryotes
-parasites with limited metabolic abilities

Question 16

fornicata

Answer 16

-excavata
-lack mitochondria but have flagella
-gardia lamblia
-old eukaryote

Question 17

parabasalia

Answer 17

-excavata
-animal endosybionts (found in termites and roaches)
-basal bodies
-modified mitochondria
-undulating membrane and many flagella
trichomonas vaginalis

Question 18

euglenozoa

Answer 18

-excavata
-photosynthetic and non photosynthetic species
-euglena
-two flagella, a pellicle, a stigma (eyespot) and chloroplasts
-pellicle a series of protein bands: provide supports and gives cell shape (like plastic wrap)

Question 19

if you discovered a new excavata lacking mitochondria what group would you put it in

Answer 19

fronicata

Question 20

fungi

Answer 20

-hetrotrophic
-dont produce there own energy
-saprophytic (extracellular digestion leading to decay of organic matter)
-macroscopic: mushrooms and moulds
-microscopic (unicellular yeast and spores of fungi)

Question 21

fungi moulds

Answer 21

-multicellular
-filaments: hyphae
-tangled network: mycelium and form the thallus
-walls between cells: septate hyphae
-lack walls or cell membrane: nonseptate or coencytic hyphae

Question 22

fungi yeast

Answer 22

-unicellular
-budding yeast
-reproduce asexually: budding off a smaller daughter cell
-cells stick together as short chains or pseudohypha

Question 23

fungi dimorphic

Answer 23

-Dr. jekyll (mould) mr. hyde (yeast) of the fungi
-grow mould at 25 cel
-grow yeast at 37 cel
-has characteristics of mould and yeast

Question 24

unique features of fungi

Answer 24

-chitin cell wall (not cellulose like plants and protists)
-cell membrane: ergosterols (not cholesterol found in animals)
-unique and complex life cycle
-reproduce sexually and asexually

Question 25

moulds vs yeast in fungi

Answer 25

mould is multicellular fungi and yeast is single cellular fungi

Question 26

how to tell the difference between a slime mould, water mould and fungi mould

Answer 26

presents of a cell wall in vegetative cells and the compositon of the cell wall

Question 27

algae

Answer 27

-autotrophic protist
-unicellular or multicellular
-super groups: chromalveolata (dinoflagellates, diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae)
-archaeplastida (red algae and green algae)
-produce 70% of the oxygen and organic matter in aquatic environments
-typically not pathogenic (except harmful algal blooms)
-complex cell stuctures
-one or more chloroplast
-pyrenoids:sym and storage of starch
-different pigments (R, B,G)

Question 28

difference in algae and cyanobacteria

Answer 28

-present or abstance of mem bound nucleus and organelle (bacteria vs eukaryote)

Question 29

algae- dinoflagellates

Answer 29

-mostly marine organisms
-important component of plankton
-variety of nutritional types (phototrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic)
-two flagella (whirl)
-cellulose plates(theca=armor)
-neurotoxins (redtides)

Question 30

algae- stramenopiles

Answer 30

-chrysolaminarin as storage carbohydrate
-golden algae
-brown algae (multicellular marine seaweeeds)

-diatoms (bracillariophyta)
-flagella
-frustules=outer cell walls of crystalized silica
-diatomaceous earth=fossilised diatoms

Question 31

algae- archaeplastids

Answer 31

-land plants

-green algae (charophyta)
-most similar to land plants
-cellulose cell walls
-starch as carbohydrate storage

-green algae (chlorophyta)
cellulose cellwall
-starch as carbohydrate storage

-red algae (rhodophyta)

Question 32

difference between euglena and chlorophyta

Answer 32

-only chlorophyta has cellulose cell wall