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BMSC 210 > Cell membranes > Flashcards

Cell membranes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell envolope

A

-series of layers around they cytoplasm

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2
Q

what are the different series of layers around the cytoplasm (that make up the envelope)

A

-cytoplasmic membrane
-cell wall
-outer membrane
-S-layer
-capsule

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3
Q

what does the cytoplasmic membrane do

A

-barrier (selective)
-generates gradients
-anchors proteins

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4
Q

what do the proteins anchored in the cytoplasmic membrane do

A

-sensor
-communication
-interaction

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5
Q

composition of the cytoplasmic membrane for bacteria and eukarya

A

-phospholipid bilayer
-tail and head
-which is linked by ester linkage

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6
Q

composition of the cytoplasmic membrane for archaea

A

-bilayer or monolayer
-ether linkage
-phospholipids with side chains
-(extremophile adaptation)

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7
Q

how to get across the membrane

A

-the cytoplasmic membrane is a barrier
-limits the entry of molecules
-controls homeostasis
-nutrient utilization

-to transport:
-energy indenpendent
-diffusion through membrane
-facilitated diffusion cia proteins and dependent on conc graident

-energy dependent
-active concentration graident
-high affinity, very affective at low concentration

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8
Q

simple diffusion

A

-energy dependent
-molecules enter via concentration gradient
-limited number of substance
-glycerol, H2O, O2
-limitation is due to:
-size and charge of molecule
-semi-permiable membrane
-hydrophilic and charged molecules are blocked
-linear increase in the rate of diffusion
-the greater the concentration gradient, the greater the rate is
-very limited and ineffective at low concentrations
-passive diffusion is ineffective for bacteria

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9
Q

facilitative diffusion

A

-energy independent
-concentration gradient dependent
-the greater the conc gradient the greater the rate is
-more efficient then simple diffusion
-limitation is due to:
size and charge of the molecule
-properties of the channel

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10
Q

active transport

A

-transport of molecule using energy
-against concentration graident
-large molecules (over 1000Da)
-carrier proteins follow michaelis-menten eq (competitor rate effect)
-source of energy: ATP and other high energy p compounds
-substrate graident and protonmotive force

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11
Q

coupled active transport

A

-energy dependent
-antiport(opposite directions)
-symport (same direction)
-

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12
Q

ABC transporter

A

-energy dependent
uses substrate binding protein, carrier protein, and has ATP binding region that binds used atp to bring things in

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13
Q

group translocation

A

-energy dependent
-uses pyruvate
-once inside molec is phosphorylated it lets and traps sugar in
-(look in to this more?

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14
Q

what does the bacteria cell wall do

A

-allows bacteria to be able to live in higher and lower osmolarities even though cytoplasm cant
-cell wall prevents osmotic lysis and maintains cell shape and rigidity

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15
Q

what is the reason gram + and - stain the way they do

A

-gram + stains purple because of its thick cell wall
-gram - stains is pink because small cell wall and outer membrane

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16
Q

the bacterial cell wall: gram positive

A

-large peptidoglycan cell wall
-teichoic acid anchor for pep
-plasma membrane with fatty acids

17
Q

the bacterial cell wall: gram negitive

A
  • O antigen, lipid A, lipopolysaccaride
    -outer membrane, with porin throughout, murein lipoprotein
    -small peptidoglycan cell wall
    -periplasmic space
    -inter membrane, membrane protein, fatty acid
18
Q

peptidoglycan structure

A

-NAG (N-acetylgucosamine)
-NAM (N-acetylmuramic acid)
-tetrapeptide
-plus gram pos has:
pentapeptide

19
Q

archea call wall

A

can be made of
-pseudomurein
-methanochondritin
-s-layer
-sheath

20
Q

what is the explanation for using beta-lactam to treat chalymidia infection but not mycoplasma

A

-chlamidya has peptidoglycan whereas pep is absent in mycoplasm

21
Q

what archaea cell wall is closest to peptidoglycan

A

pseudomurein

22
Q

cell wall provides…

A

structural stability and protection

23
Q

lysomes are a defence mechaniams in animals. what microbe does it target

A

bacteria

24
Q

where are lipopolysaccarides found

A

gram negative bacteria

25
Q

what is the structure of lipopolysaccarides

A

-its the outer membrane
-O antigen
-core
-lipid A
-fatty acid

26
Q

what is the point of lipopolysaccarides

A

attachment, mechanical strength, immune evasion, and protection

27
Q

what os a lipopolysaccaride also called

A

endotoxin

28
Q

what different features differentiate a gram - bacteria form deep branching bacteria

A

the outer membrane is a bilayer of lipopolysaccharides

29
Q

how is a acid fast bacteria different form gram positive bacteria

A

-its coated with wax
-mycolic acids-long fatty acid

30
Q

you want to use an antibiotic that targets the cell wall which group will be resistant

A

mycoplasma and fungi

BMSC 210 (17 decks)

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