Metabolism

Question 1

what is catabolism

Answer 1

obtain energy from breakdown of complex molecules

Question 2

what is anabolism

Answer 2

synthesize cellular material form smaller parts

Question 3

metabolism

Answer 3

catabolism and anabolism

Question 4

you are studying metabolism of new bacteria. if you are looking at how the bacterium synthesizes complex molecules you are studying:

Answer 4

anabolism and biosynthesis

Question 5

phototroph

Answer 5

energy from light

Question 6

chemotroph

Answer 6

energy from chemicals

Question 7

organotroph

Answer 7

reducing power: organic chemicals

Question 8

lithotroph

Answer 8

reducing power: inorganic chemicals

Question 9

heterotroph

Answer 9

carbon form organic compound

Question 10

autotroph

Answer 10

carbon source is CO2

Question 11

photo auto troph

Answer 11

e: light
e-donor: N/A
carbon: CO2

Question 12

photo hetero troph

Answer 12

e: light
e donor: N/A
carbon: organic chemical

Question 13

photo litho auto troph

Answer 13

e: light
e donor: organic
carbon: CO2

Question 14

photo organo hetero troph

Answer 14

e: light/chemical
e donor: organic
carbon: organic chemical

Question 15

chemo litho auto troph

Answer 15

e: chemical
e donor: inorganic
carbon: CO2

Question 16

chemo litho heter troph

Answer 16

e: chemical
e donor: inorganic
carbon: organic chemical

Question 17

chemo organo auto troph

Answer 17

e: chemical
e donor: organic
carbon: CO2

Question 18

chemo organo hetero troph

Answer 18

e: chemical
e donor: organic
carbon: organic chemical

Question 19

you want to isolate a photoautotroph from a mixed culture that also contains chemoorganohetertrophs. what conditions would select for the photoautotroph

Answer 19

the presents and abstantce of a carbon source in the growth medium (CO2 in present in ATM)

Question 20

what do microbes use enzymes for

Answer 20

to lower the activation energy

Question 21

how do microbes store electrons

Answer 21

NAD+ and NADH

Question 22

microbes can break down carbohydrates what does this require and generate

Answer 22

requires energy but generates electrons and energy

Question 23

what other macromolecules can microbes break down besides carbohydrates

Answer 23

-lipids
-polysaccharides
-proteins

Question 24

which organic compounds can provide energy to bacteria

Answer 24

glucose, cellulose, DNA, milk casin, milk fat

Question 25

how do microbes generate energy using resporation

Answer 25

-oxidizes electron donor (glucose)
-external electron acceptor
oxygen (aerobic)
something else (anaerobic)
-proton gradient
which generates proton motive force
-generate ATP
ATP synthase
-oxidative phosphorylation
yield lots of ATP

Question 26

aerobic vs anarobic resp

Answer 26

-respration happens in the presents (oxic) or absence (anoxic) of oxygen
-terminal electon acceptor in O2 (ae) or something else (ana)

Question 27

examples of anarobic electron acceptors

Answer 27

-denitrification=nitrite (NO3-) to dinitrogen (N2)
-sulfate reduction=sulphate (SO4) to hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
-ferric iron (Fe3+), manganic ion (Mn4+), seleate (SeO4^2-), arsenate (AsO4^3-), uranyl (UO2^2+)
-organic compounds: fumarate and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
-CO2 methane

Question 28

if you grow bacteria in the present of ammonium and sulphate what type of metabolic class and metabolism will you select for

Answer 28

chemolitrotroph and anaerobic resperation

Question 29

fermentation

Answer 29

-organic compound breakdown
-glycolysis (glucose
-CAC (pyruvate)
-glycoxylate cycle (2 carbon)
-does not require oxygen
-excretion of reduced molecules
-waste product (organic acid, alcohol, or CO2)
-with the end goal of:
-substrate level phosphorylation
-ATP directly synthesized from an energy rich intermediate
-regeneration of NAD+

Question 30

diversity of fermentation

Answer 30

-diversity:
-sugars
-amino acids
-fatty acids
-aromatic compounds
-organic compounds
-lack of respiratory chain

Question 31

organic compounds for fermentation

Answer 31

-donate and accept electrons
-no need of external electron acceptor

Question 32

homofermentation

Answer 32

produce one fermentation product

Question 33

heterofermentation

Answer 33

produce two different fermentation products

Question 34

is fermentation anaerobic respiration

Answer 34

no they are two different things

Question 35

what is not a condition for fermentation to occur

Answer 35

presents of an inorganic electron doner (chemolitrotroph- must be organic to ferment)

Question 36

total amount of ATP produced in the different kinds of respiration

Answer 36

-aerobic respiration: 38 ATP
-anaerobic respiration: 5-38 ATP
-fermentation: 2

Question 37

what should you include in the medium for the bacterium that relies soley on fermentation to achive the same energy production as the bacterium that uses aerobic respiration

Answer 37

a large quantity of organic electron doners

Question 38

chemolitotrophy

Answer 38

-these microbes eat rocks
-H2S (hydrogen sulfide), H2, Fe2+, and NH3
-CO2 as carbon source (autotroph)
-calvin cycle

Question 39

biosynthesis

Answer 39

autotrophy
-need to fix CO2 to accumulate biomass
-calvin cycle
alternatives:
-reverse citric acid cycle, hydroxypropionate pathway and reductive acetyl coA pathway
-sugar and polysaccharides (activated form of glucose)
-amino acid and nucleotides
-fatty acid and lipids

Question 40

nitrogen fixation

Answer 40

-nitrogen required for protein, nucleic acid, and other organic molecules
-most bacteria acquired from “fixed” inorganic nitrogen (ammonia NH3 or nitrate NO3-)
-bacteria and archea can fix N2 (critical for agriculture)

Question 41

if you omit a source of nitrogen and a source of carbon in your growth medium which type of bacteria will you be able to grow under these conditions

Answer 41

autotrophs that fix nitrogen