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zoonotic > Module 1: Infectious Disease Epidemiology > Flashcards

Module 1: Infectious Disease Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Of 1,415 known Human pathogens:

A

61% are Zoonotic
75% of emerging pathogens are Zoonotic

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2
Q

Five major types of Infectious Agents:

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Helminths
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3
Q

Diseases that are they transmissible between vertebrate animals and humans under natural conditions

A

Zoonoses

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4
Q

Diseases that are transmissible between Humans

A

Anthroponoses

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5
Q
  • Diseases that are transmissible from the ABIOTIC environment (e.g. soil, water) to humans
  • Infectious agents must survive and grow in such an environment
  • May also be zoonotic (saprozoonoses)
A

Sapronoses

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6
Q
  • Diseases transmitted from humans to animals
  • Often “zoonoses” is used
A

Zooanthroponosis

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7
Q

an organism (“pathogen”) that is capable of producing infection or infectious disease

A

Infectious Agents

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8
Q

What are NOT a zoonotic diseases?

A
  1. Toxins or Venom
  2. Animal infectious diseases that are transmitted experimentally but not naturally
  3. Human (only) infectious diseases transmitted by contamination of animal products
  4. Human infectious diseases transmitted by arthropods without an animal in the pathogen’s lifecycle
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9
Q

The ability of organism to penetrate and reproduce in a host; does not imply disease
- Proportion of individuals exposed to the agent that become infected (infected/exposed)

A

Infectivity

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10
Q

Ability of organism to cause disease
- proportion of infected individuals that develop clinical disease (diseased/infected)

A

Pathogenicity

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11
Q

Ability of organism to cause severe disease or death
- Proportion of diseased individuals that develop severe disease (severely diseased/all diseased)
- Proportion of infected cases that die from the condition (cause-specific deaths/all diseased)

A

Virulence

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12
Q
  • Capable of becoming infected with the agent under natural conditions and diseases may occur
  • Survival and/or development/replication of the agent can occur in the host
  • Infected host can serve as a reservoir
A

Host (“susceptible host”)

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13
Q

Maintains the infection in the endemic state
- e.g., mice - hantaviruses

A

Natural Host

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14
Q

Does not normally transmit the agent
- e.g., horses - West Nile virus

A

Dead-end host

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15
Q

Supports rapid multiplication of the agent
- e.g., pigs - Nipah virus

A

Amplifier host

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16
Q

Chain of infection
- Agent must have a port of exit from the infected reservoir into susceptible host (portal of entry)
- Aerosol —>
- Feces —>
- Urine —>
- Blood —>

A
  • Respiratory
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Broken skin
  • Broken skin
17
Q

Direct contact – spread through contact with open wounds, mucous membranes, or abraded skin contacting an infected animal or its tissues or fluids (e.g., blood, saliva, urine)
* Touching, biting, scratching
* Contaminated droplets
* Contaminated urine or body fluids
* Contaminated reproductive discharge
These are examples of:

A

Horizontal Transmission

18
Q

Direct contact – spread through contact with open wounds, mucous membranes, or abraded skin contacting an infected animal or its tissues or fluids (e.g., blood, saliva, urine)
* Transplacental
* Transmammary
These are examples of:

A

Vertical transmission (mother-to-offspring)

19
Q

spray with relatively LARGE, SHORT-RANGE aerosols by sneezing, coughing, or talking – classified as DIRECT TRANSMISSION

A

Droplet

20
Q

Indirect contact – spread through an intermediary vehicle or vector
- the spread of pathogens through contact with inanimate objects, contaminated by an infected animal

A

Formite

21
Q

Indirect contact – spread through an intermediary vehicle or vector
- Ingestion of disease-causing agents from contaminated food or water

A

Oral

22
Q

transfer by an arthropod that acquires a disease agent from an animal and transmits it to a person

A

Vector-borne

23
Q

Vector-borne
- NO multiplication or development of the agent

A

Mechanical vector

24
Q

Vector-borne
- multiplication or development of the agent occurs

A

Biological vector

25
Q

(SMALL PARTICLES) – classified as INDIRECT transmission
* Travel large distance (>3 meters)
* Can remain suspended in the air for an extended period
* Enter the respiratory tract
* Infrequent route of zoonotic disease transmission

A

Airborne

26
Q

Multiple Modes of Transmission
* Vector-borne (fleas)
* Aerosol (humans)

A

Plague

27
Q

Multiple Modes of Transmission
* Food-borne (milk)
* Direct contact with infected animals

A

Brucellosis

28
Q

Multiple Modes of Transmission
* Vector-borne (ticks)
* Airborne
* Direct contact with infected animals

A

Tularemia

29
Q

Multiple Modes of Transmission
* Food-borne (intestinal)
* Direct contact (cutaneous)
* Airborne (respiratory)

A

Anthrax

30
Q

When is it difficult to identify source?

A

If there are multiple risk factors/transmission pathways

31
Q

What are the risk factors for infectious disease?

A
  • Age (young, elderly)
  • Pregnant
  • Immune-compromised
    (YOPI)
32
Q

A mosquito that acquires an infectious agent from an animal, further develops the agent, and then transmits it to a person by taking a blood meal is an example of?

A

Biological vector

33
Q

This statement “Proportion of diseased individuals that develop severe disease” best characterizes the:

A

virulence of an infectious agent

zoonotic (18 decks)

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