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Reproduction #1 > Module 1: Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Module 1: Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Hypothalamus composed of?

A

Surge and Tonic Centers

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2
Q

What is the Pituitary (hypophysis) composed of?

A
  • Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)
  • Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis)
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3
Q
  • Is the conduit that connects the brain to the anterior pituitary
  • Is made up of two capillary beds, one in the median eminence and the other in the anterior pituitary
  • Effect on Adenohypophysis
  • Release of neuropeptide into Portal System
A

Portal System

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4
Q

Release of neuropeptide into capillaries in the Neurohypophysis

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

What hormone is released from the hypothalamus?

A

GnRH
(gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

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6
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary (relating to repro)?

A
  1. LH (Luteinizing hormone)
  2. FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone )
  3. Prolactin (PRL)
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7
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary (relating to repro)?

A

Oxytocin

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8
Q
  • GnRH, LH, FSH, Prolactin, Oxytocin
  • Bind to Membrane Receptors
  • Activate Signaling Cascade
A

Portein Hormones

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9
Q
  • Progesteron, Estradiol, Testosterone
  • Cross Plasma Membrane
  • Bind to Nuclear Receptors
  • Activate Transcription
A

Steroid Hormones

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10
Q

What hormones cause the testicles to make testosterone?

A

LH, coming from the pituitary

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11
Q

GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to produce______________, the hormone responsible for starting follicle (egg) development and causing the level of estrogen, the primary female hormone, to rise

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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12
Q

Does the hypothalamus produce estrogen and progesterone?

A

The hypothalamus controls estrogen production, but also your progesterone production

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13
Q

Where are Steroids From?

A

derived from cholesterol

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14
Q

HPG in the Male:
LH stimulates _____________ to use cholesterol to
produce ___________

A

Leydig cells, Testosterone

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15
Q

What causes a Negative Feedback, in blood, on the LH?

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

Where does most of the testosterone go to to support spermatogenesis?

A

Sertoli Cells

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17
Q

What Stimulates Sertoli Cells to mature sperm, produce ABP and Inhibin?

A

FSH

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18
Q

A protein found in the testicular cytosol or secreted by Sertoli cells in the rete testis fluid

A

ABP

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19
Q

What is secreted in the lumen of Semeniferous tubule and functions to concentrate testosterone locally?

A

ABP

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20
Q

Inhibin in blood causes a negative feedback loop on __________

A

FSH

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21
Q

The hypothalamus of females contains two functional areas responsible for secretion of GnRH

A

Surge & Tonic Centers

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22
Q
  1. During which phase does FSH/LH stimulate production of Estradiol by the pre-ovulary follicle?
  2. High E2 ________ LH surge
A
  1. Follicular Phase
  2. trigger
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23
Q
  1. During which phase FSH/LH stimulate production of Progesterone by Corpus Luteum Progesterone?
  2. High P4 ___________ GnRH/LH secretion
A
  1. Luteal Phase
  2. inhibits
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24
Q

HPG in the Female:
LH stimulates _________ to use cholesterol to produce ____________

A

Theca cells, Androgens

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25
Q

What diffuses into the Granulosa Cells?

A

Androgens

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26
Q

What stimulates conversion of Androgens to Estrodiol and secretion of Inhibin?

A

FSH

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27
Q

Inhibin in blood causes negative feedback on _______

A

FSH

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28
Q

What can have (+) or (-) feedback on GnRH/LH secretion depending on concentration and presence /absence of CL/Progesterone?

A

Estradiol

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29
Q

Low estradiol (E2) in the presensce of CL causes ___________ on GnRH

A

Negative feedback

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30
Q

High estradiol (E2) during estrus (+) the Surge Center to release lots of _____________and cause LH surge

A

GnRH

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31
Q

HPG in the Female, the two cell types are:

A

Theca Cells
Granulosa Cells

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32
Q

HPG in the Female, the two gonadotropin System are:

A

LH
FSH

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33
Q
  • Is the major regulator of the female reproductive system.
  • This regulation begins when GnRH is released from the hypothalamus at the onset of puberty, which stimulates LH and FSH production at the anterior pituitary.
A

The HPO axis

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34
Q

The Fate of Steroid Hormones:
Steroids secreted by gonad –> Steroid enters blood and goes to target tissue –> Steroid causes change in target tissue –> Steroid in blood passes through _________ –> Liver renders steroid H2O soluble (glucuronides and sulfates) –> Reenters blood and enters kidney or enters bile –> Excreted in urine and/or feces as glucuronide or sulfate

A

liver

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35
Q

The Fate of Steroid Hormones:
Steroids secreted by gonad –> Steroid enters blood and goes to target tissue –> Steroid causes change in target tissue –> Steroid in blood passes through Liver –> Liver renders steroid H2O soluble (glucuronides and sulfates) –> Reenters blood and enters ___________ or ___________ –> Excreted in urine and/or feces as glucuronide or sulfate

A

kidney, enters bile

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36
Q

In what species is the ovary “reversed” ?

A

Horse

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37
Q

produce gametes and hormones that influence the rest of the reproductive tract

A

Ovaries

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38
Q

optimal environment for fertilization and optimal pre-attachment
development of the early embryo

A

Oviduct

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39
Q

environment for sperm transfer, early Embryogenesis and site for attachment of the Conceptus

A

Uterus

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40
Q

barrier that secretes mucous in estrus and produces cervical seal in pregnancy

A

Cervix

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41
Q

copulatory organ that provides mucous for lubrication during estrous

A

Vagina

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42
Q

How many layers does the oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina have?

A

4 Layers

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43
Q
  • secretes substances vital for function of each region
  • lined with different type of epithelium depending on organ
A

Mucosa

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44
Q
  • Contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
  • Supports muscularis layer
A

Submucosa

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45
Q
  • Circular (external) and longitudinal (internal) layers of smooth muscle
  • Provides the organ the ability to contract which is essential for moving secretory products, gametes, embryos, and the fetus at parturition
A

Muscularis Layer

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46
Q
  • continuous with peritoneum
  • Single layer of squamous cells
A

Serosal Layer

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47
Q

In the cortex of the ovary you can find:

A
  • Follicles
  • Oocytes
  • Theca
  • Corpus lutea
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48
Q

In the medulla of the ovary you can find:

A
  • Nerves
  • Arteries and Veins
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49
Q

What does the Corpus Lutea produce?

A
  • Relaxin
  • Inhibin
  • Oxytocin
  • Activin
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50
Q

What is in the outer layer of the ovary (a connective tissue layer) ?

A

Tunica albuginea

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51
Q

What is a depression in Ovarian Medulla and site of Oocyte release in the mare?

A

Ovulation fossa

52
Q

What is not part of the broad ligament, but is an attachment of the Ovary to the Uterus?

A

Utero-ovarian ligament or proper ligament of the ovary

53
Q

Supports the ovaries and supplies the blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to the ovaries and forms the hilus

A

Mesovarium

54
Q
  • Thin, serous part of the broad ligament
  • Supports the oviducts
  • Forms a bursa that surrounds the ovary
  • Orients the Infundibulum so that the Ova released at Ovulation have a high probability of entering the Oviduct
A

Mesosalpinx

55
Q

In what species does the Mesosalpinx form a nearly complte ovarian bursa enveloping the ovary and keeping the ovary from view?

A

In the Bitch

56
Q
  • Largest and most conspicuous part of broad ligament
  • Supports the uterine horns and body of uterus
A

Mesometrium

57
Q

What are the three parts to the Uterine Tube? Describe

A
  1. Infundibulum
    - contains the largest and it is the thinnest wall
    - contains fibria to collect the Oocyte that is ovulated from the ovarian cortex
  2. Ampulla
    - Internal surface has many fern-like mucosal folds with ciliated epithelium
    - intermediate region of the uterine tube
  3. Isthmus
    - Smaller than the ampulla
    - More muscular wall and less mucosal folds than ampulla
    ** Uterotubal Junction is a critical in preventing unfertilized oocytes from entering the uterine horn.
58
Q
  • Two cervical canals that divide each horn into a distinct compartment
  • A single vaginal canal that opens to exterior with two types of divisions
A

Duplex uterus

59
Q
  • Two uterine horns and a small uterine body with a single cervix
  • Length of uterine body is dependent on degree of fusion between the paramesonephric ducts in the developing female fetus
A

Bicornuate Uterus

60
Q
  • Separation between the uterine horns is lacking
A

Simplex uterus

61
Q

Name the species with Duplex uterus:

A
  • Marsupials
  • Rabbits
    (two cervices)
62
Q

Name the species with Bicornuate uterus:

A

Poorly to moderately developed uterine horns
- Mare
- Cow
Highly developed uterine horns
- Bitch
- Queen
- Sow

63
Q

Name the species with Simplex uterus:

A

Primates (no uterine horns)

64
Q

Can produce prostaglandin F2α during critical times of estrous cycle which causes regression of the Corpus Luteum if the animal is not pregnant

A

Endometrium

65
Q

Ruminants have areas on the endometrium that are:
- Non-glandular
- Very vascular
- Protrude from surface of uterus
- Give rise to maternal portion of the placenta

A

Caruncles

66
Q
  • Develop from mucosa and become coiled in submucosa
  • Secretory waxing and waning depending on stage of estrous cycle
A

Uterine Glands

67
Q
  • Endometrial folds
  • Provide uterine surface for attachment of placenta
A

Sows and Horses

68
Q
  • Placental scars which are pigmented areas of endometrium which are previous placental attachment
  • Bands around inside of uterus that are indicators of zonal placentation
  • Zones of uterine repair that become less obvious with time
A

Queens

69
Q
  • Thick walled, non-compliant organ
  • Primary function is to provide a barrier to spermatozoa in some species
  • Isolates uterus in pregnancy using a layer of viscous mucous
A

Cervix

70
Q

The cervix provides a barrier to which species?

A

Ewe
Cow
Bitch

71
Q

The cervix is NOT a great barrier for spermatozoa in which species?

A

Mare
Sow

72
Q

Serves as a copulatory organ and a site of expulsion during parturition

A

Vagina

73
Q

In what species does the cervices protrude into the cranial vagina forming a Crypt known as the Fornix Vagina?

A

Mare
Cow
Bitch

74
Q

a small tubular gland, pit, or recess

A

crypt

75
Q
  • Extends from external urethral orifice to labia
    – Can thicken during estrous to mechanically protect vagina during copulation and prevent micro-organisms from entering the sub mucosa
    – Can be secretory depending on the stage of estrous
A

Caudal Vagina or Vestibule

76
Q

What can be used to determine the stage of the estrous cycle in the bitch, and can be determined by swabbing the vagina and examining the exfoliated cells?

A

Caudal vagina or vestibule

77
Q

– External part of female reproductive tract
– Consists of two labia that meet medially to form two commissures
– Skin of labia is part of the integument
– Labia has adipose tissue and constrictor vulvae muscle that hold the labia together

A

Vulva

78
Q
  • In ventral commissure of the vulva
    – Houses erectile tissue
    – Covered with stratified squamous epithelium
    – Wells supplied with sensory nerve endings
A

Clitoris

79
Q

The three patterns of cyclicity are:

A
  • Polyestrus
  • Seasonally polyestrus
  • Monoestrus
80
Q

List species for Polyestrus cyclicity:

A
  • Cattle
  • Pigs
  • Rodents
81
Q

List species for Seasonally Polyestrus cyclicity:

A
  • Horses
  • Goats
  • Sheeps
82
Q

List species for Monoestrus cyclicuty:

A
  • Dog
  • Wolves
  • Bears
83
Q

List species for Seasonally Polyestrus cyclicity (Long Day):

A

Mare
** Spring breeding season

84
Q

List species for Seasonally Polyestrus cyclicity (Short Day):

A
  • Ewe
  • Doe
  • Elk
  • Nanny
    ** Autumn breeding season
85
Q
  • Either promotes or inhibits reproduction depending on the species
  • Is made by the Pineal Gland during the Dark
A

Melatonin

86
Q

Melatonin is made during the dark, therefore in LONG DAYS breeders, more light means _______________ melatonin

A

Less

87
Q

In what species is melatonin an inhibitory, therefore promoting cyclicity when there is lack of melatonin?

A

Mare (Long Day Breeders)

88
Q

In what species does melatonin promote cyclicity?

A

In SHORT DAY breeders, LESS light means MORE melatonin
- Ewe
- Doe
- Elk
- Nanny

89
Q

In SHORT DAY breeders, melatonin ___________ cyclicity, so they cycle during months that have _________ daylight (fall and winter)

A

promotes, less

90
Q

↑ Daylight –> ↓ Melatonin –>↑ GnRH–> ↑ Ovarian Activity

A

Long Day Breeder

91
Q

↓ Daylight –> ↑ Melatonin –> ↑ GnRH –> ↑ Ovarian Activity

A

Short Day Breeder

92
Q

What are the Two phases of the Estrous Cycle?

A
  • Follicular Phase (Estrus)
  • Luteal Phase (Diestrus)
93
Q
  • Follicles are the dominant ovarian structure
  • 20% of the estrous cycle
  • Primary reproductive hormone is estradiol (E2)
A

Follicular Phase

94
Q
  • Period from ovulation until corpora lutea regression
  • 80% of the estrous cycle
  • Primary reproductive hormone is progesterone (P4)
A

Luteal Phase

95
Q

Transition from period of Progesterone dominance to period of Estrogen dominance

A

Proestrus

96
Q

Period of sexual receptivity and mating

A

Estrus

97
Q

Transition from Estrogen dominance to Progesterone dominance

A

Metestrus

98
Q

Period of maximum luteal function

A

Diestrus

99
Q

List the four estrous cycle stages:

A
  1. Proestrus - Development of follicles
  2. Estrus - period of sexual receptivity
  3. Diestrus - CL formation
  4. Metestrus - Sustained, high progesterone secretion
100
Q

Condition when female no longer exhibits regular cycles

A

Anestrus

101
Q

Pregnancy, Lactation, Presence of offspring, Season, Stress and Disease are examples of:

A

Anestrus

102
Q

is the longest stage of the estrous cycle because recognition of pregnancy happens during this phase

A

Diestrus

103
Q

Oogenesis:
Where do the Primordial germ cells develop?

A

Yolk Sac

104
Q

the production or development of an ovum

A

Oogenesis

105
Q

The __________________ develop in the yolk sac and then migrate into the hindgut and finally to the UNdifferentiated Gonad

A

Primordial germ cells

106
Q

Oocyte are arrested in ________________

A

Metaphase II

107
Q

(T/F) Buhner Stitch doesn’t have to be removed prior to parturition

A

False

108
Q

the vaginal discharge you have after giving birth

A

Lochia

109
Q

In an induced ovulator species, which hormone must be triggered by the event of mating to induce ovulation?

A

LH

110
Q

What is the site of PRODUCTION of Inhibin

A

Dominant Follicle

111
Q

What is the site of the PRODUCTION of Progesterone

A

Ovaries

112
Q

During oogenesis, the oocyte undergoes two meiotic arrests. What causes (triggers) the resumption of meiosis in each arrest, respectively?

A

LH surge; Fertilization

113
Q

Which hormone is the primary luteolysin in the cow?

A

PGF2a

114
Q

(T/F) Melatonin suppresses cyclycity in the short day breeder

A

False

115
Q

Which are the criterias required to pursue medical management of pyometra in the bitch?

A
  • Valuable breeding animal
  • +/- Open cervix
  • Young
  • Good body condition
  • Normal renal function
  • No evidence of endotoxemia
116
Q

In primary oocyte there are 4 (4n) cells that are _______________ at the end of first meiotic prophase

A

Nuclear arrest
(females are born with all 4 of these cells (they are arrested = not replicating))

117
Q

(T/F) The ovaries of a mare are smaller than that of a fetus

A

True

118
Q

(T/F) Standing heat in the bitch occurs in the presence of ELEVATED progesterone and DECREASED estradiol

A

True

119
Q

After puberty there is ____________

A

LH surge

120
Q

the ovarian structure that forms immediately after ovulation in known as a:

A

Corpus Hemorrhagicum

121
Q

The endometrium corresponds to which layer of the uterus?

A

mucosal layer

122
Q

Where is the SITE OF ACTION of the GnRH

A

Anterior Pituitary

123
Q

Where is the SITE OF ACTION of the Inhibin

A

Anterior Pituitary

124
Q

Males don’t have the ________ surge

A

LH

125
Q

Where is the SITE OF ACTION of the LH

A

Thecal cells

126
Q

Where is the SITE OF ACTION of the FSH

A

Granulosa cells

Reproduction #1 (15 decks)

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