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a level biology > module 1 - cells > Flashcards

module 1 - cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of cells ?

A

prokaryotic
eukaryotic

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2
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell ?

A
  • a cell which doesn’t have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
  • has smaller ribosomes
  • genetic material is loose in cell
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3
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell ?

A
  • has a distinct nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • has bigger ribosomes
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4
Q

what 3 organelles are found in plant not animal cells ?

A

permanent vacuole
cell wall
chloroplasts

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5
Q

what is the function of the nucleus ?

A

responsible for managing the cells genetic material
controls cell activity

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6
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus ?

A

where ribosomal rna is formed
where ribosome subunits are assembled

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7
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria ?

A

to produce energy through respiration

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8
Q

what is the function of the vesicles ?

A

have storage and transport roles:
transport materials inside the cell

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9
Q

what are the function of lysosomes ?

A

contain hydrolytic enzymes responsible for breaking down waste materials

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10
Q

what are lysosomes specialised forms of ?

A

vesicles

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11
Q

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ?

A

has ribosomes bound to the surface
responsible for synthesis and transport of proteins
maintains different conditions from cell cytoplasm
separates synthesized proteins from cell cytoplasm
holds ribosomes in place

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12
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum ?

A

responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

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13
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes ?

A

the site of protein synthesis

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14
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus ?

A

modifying and packaging proteins into vesicles

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15
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton ?

A

network of fibres necessary for the shape and stability of the cell

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16
Q

what is the centriole, how is it structured ?

A
  • part of cytoskeleton
  • composed of microtubules
  • 2 associated centrioles form the centrosome
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17
Q

what is the function of the centrioles ?

A

involved in the assembly and organisation of spindle fibres in cell division

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18
Q

what is the function of the flagella ?

A

helps an organism in movement
sometimes used to detect changes in the environment

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of cilia ?

A

stationary
mobile

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20
Q

what is the function of stationary cilia ?

A

used for sensory organs

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21
Q

what is the function of mobile cilia ?

A

causes liquids/objects in the cell to move

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22
Q

what is the function of the vacuole ?

A

contains cell sap
helps with maintenance of turgor so contents of cell push against cell wall - causing the cell to stay rigid

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23
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts ?

A

responsible for photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll

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24
Q

what cell organelles are only found in prokaryotic cells ?

A

nucleoid
plasmid
pili
capsule

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25
Q

what cell organelles are only found in eukaryotic cells ?

A

nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplasts
golgi
rough er
smooth er

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26
Q

what cell organelles are found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells ?

A

ribosomes
flagella
cell membrane
cell wall
cytoplasm

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27
Q

what are the 3 types of microscope ?

A

light
scanning electron microscope
transmission electron microscope

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28
Q

give features of electron microscopes ?

A
  • large
  • not portable
  • vacuum needed
  • complicated sample prep
  • over 500 000 magnification
  • resolution 0.5 nm
  • specimens are dead
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29
Q

what is the magnification of an electron microscope ?

A

over 500 000

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30
Q

what is the resolution of the electron microscope ?

A

0.5 nm

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31
Q

give properties of the light microscope ?

A

small
easy to carry
no vacuum needed
easy sample prep
up to 2000 magnification
200 nm resolution
specimens living or dead

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32
Q

what is the magnification of a light microscope ?

A

x2000

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33
Q

what is the resolution of a light microscope ?

A

0.5 nm

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34
Q

give a disadvantage of the preparation process in electron microscopes ?

A
  • time consuming
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35
Q

what is magnification ?

A

how many times bigger an image appears than it actually is in real life

36
Q

what is resolution ?

A

the ability to distinguish 2 objects which are very close together

37
Q

mm - mcm - nm convertion

A

mm x1000 mcm x1000 nm

38
Q

how do you calculate magnification ?

A

image size / actual size

39
Q

give properties of a scanning electron microscope ?

A

3 d image produced
high magnification
high resolution
black and white

40
Q

give properties of a transmission electron microscope ?

A

high magnification
high resolution
2 d image produced
black and white

41
Q

give properties of a light microscope ?

A

colour
low magnification
low resolution
2 d image
specimens - living or dead

42
Q

what is a plasma membrane ?

A

all the membrane of cells

43
Q

what is the function of the cell wall ?

A

strong flexible layer which surrounds some cell types

44
Q

what is the function of a nuclear membrane ?

A

double layered membrane which encloses nucleus

45
Q

what is a chromosome ?

A

structured of condensed dna in the form of chromatin

46
Q

what is chromatin ?

A

uncondensed dna in a complex of histones

47
Q

what is a microtubule ?

A

part of cytoskeleton, used for cell shape, cell movement, and cell division (mitosis)

48
Q

what is a microfilament ?

A

solid strands made of protein actin, causes some cell movement

49
Q

what is spindle apparatus ?

A

part of cytoskeleton, structure which separates sister chromatias during cell division

50
Q

what is undulipodium ?

A

used for locomotion, moving fluids

51
Q

what is a microscope ?

A

a tool used to magnify small objects

52
Q

what is plasmodesma ?

A

microscopic channels which connect walls of plant cells and some algae cells to transport materials and for communication

53
Q

do a flow chart showing how proteins are transported around a cell

A
  • gene coding for protein transcribed into messenger RNA in nucleus
  • Mrna levee through nuclear pores
  • goes to rough ER
  • ribosomes on rough ER translate mRNA and assemble insulin molecules
  • pass to cisternae of RER
  • vesicles containing protein are pinched off RER
  • travels to golgi apparatus
  • protein is packaged and processed
  • modified protein molecules bud off golgi apparatus in vesicles
  • vesicles fuse with plasma membrane
  • exocytosis - plasma membrane opens to release protein molecules outside
54
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton ?

A
  • network of fibres present in cell
  • holds organelles in place
  • controls movement of cells and organelles
55
Q

what makes up the cytoskeleton ?

A

microtubules
actin filaments
intermediate filaments

56
Q

what is the structure of microtubules ?

A
  • globular tubulin proteins polymerase to form tubes which form a scaffold like structure
57
Q

what is the function of microtubules ?

A
  • determines shape of cell
  • acts as tracks for the movement of organelles e.g vesicles
  • forms spindle fibres
58
Q

what are actin filaments ?

A

contractile fibres formed from the protein actin

59
Q

what is the function of actin filaments ?

A
  • responsible for cell movement and cell contraction during cytokenisis
60
Q

what are intermediate filaments ?

A
  • fibres which give mechanical strength to cells to help maintain their integrity
61
Q

what are dry mounts used for ?

A
  • solid specimens
  • hair, pollen dust, muscle tissue, plant tissue
62
Q

how are dry mounts used ?

A

thin slices called sectioning
coverslip is placed on top of

63
Q

what are wet mounts used for ?

A

wet specimens
aquatic samples, other living organisms

64
Q

how are wet mounts made ?

A

suspended in water or immersion oil
coverslip is placed at angle

65
Q

what are squash slides used for ?

A

soft specimens
root cells to look at cell division

66
Q

how are squash cells used ?

A

wet mount squashed between slide and coverslip

67
Q

what are smear slides used for ?

A

body fluid specimens
blood smears

68
Q

how are smear slides made ?

A

edge of slide is used to smear the sample creating a thin even coating
a coverslip is placed on top of the

69
Q

what are stains used for ?

A

creating visibility so you can see the internal structure of a specimen clearly

70
Q

what is contrast ?

A

increased with a stain between the cell and environment or between cell organelles

71
Q

what is sectioning ?

A

cutting a specimen into thin slices

72
Q

how is a tem used

A
  • thin specimen placed in vacuum
  • electron gun produces a beam of electrons which pass through the specimen
73
Q

in a tem how are darker parts of the 2-D image formed

A
  • it is the parts of the specimen that have absorbed more electrons
74
Q

how are the images in electron microscopes formed

A

by electromagnets

75
Q

why is the electromagnet stored in a vacuum for microscopy

A

electrons are absorbed by air

76
Q

how to sems work

A

the electrons bounce of the specimen in different directions depending on the contours of the specimen producing a 3-D image

77
Q

capsule

A

prevents bacteria from drying out - slimy layer made of protein

78
Q

how can microtubules be prevented

A
  • respiratory inhibitor
79
Q

microtubules - function

A
  • involved in moving chromosomes to the equator to the poles of the cell during mitosis
80
Q

ribosomes - structure

A
  • not membrane bound
  • made of rrna
  • made of protein
81
Q

structure onion root cells -

A

contain mitochondria
have cellulose cell walls

83
Q

what shouldn’t you do in microscope drawings

A
  • shade
  • use a blunt pencil
  • not include a title
  • not include a scale bar
  • make arrow heads cross
  • add arrow heads
84
Q

how does the mitochondria in the goblet cells help it to carry out its function

A
  • provides lots of ATP
  • modifies packages proteins
  • secretion of mucus
85
Q

means of cell division - yeast

a level biology (11 decks)

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