Modernisation - L4-5

Question 1

What is modernization in sports governance? (Tacon & Walters, 2016)

Answer 1

A set of beliefs, structures, policies, and political influences informed by neo-liberalism, emphasizing efficiency and rationalization.

Question 2

What philosophy underpins modernization?

Answer 2

Professionalization, efficiencies, and “value for money” in the public sector.

Question 3

What are some similar terms to modernization?

Answer 3

New public management, new managerialism, governmentality.

Question 4

How was sport used from the 1960s to the 1980s?

Answer 4

To deliver political, economic, and social priorities, including nationalism and health (Cashmore, 2010).

Question 5

What are the stages of modernization in National Sports Organizations (NSOs)? (Kikulis, Slack & Hinings, 1992)

Answer 5

Kitchen Table: Volunteer-based, centralized decision-making.
Boardroom: Volunteer hierarchy with professional staff.
Executive Office: Professionally led with decentralized decision-making.

Question 6

What sparked the modernization of sport policy in the 2000s?

Answer 6

Reactions to ‘failing organizations’ and a desire for transparency (Green & Houlihan, 2006; Piggin, Jackson & Lewis, 2009).

Question 7

What is the contemporary context of modernization in sports? (Hoye et al., 2020)

Answer 7

Athlete-centeredness, impact of new media, brand management, and diversity in stakeholders.

Question 8

What are key components of the modernization framework for NSOs? (Houlihan & Green, 2009)

Answer 8

Managerialism, choice, responsiveness, partnership development, inspection, audit, and anti-bureaucracy.

Question 9

What does managerialism mean in sports governance?

Answer 9

The belief that professionally trained managers outperform sport-focused volunteers.

Question 10

How does choice relate to managerialism?

Answer 10

Managerialism provides sport administrators with strategic choices for action.

Question 11

What does responsiveness refer to in the context of sports organizations?

Answer 11

Organizations being more adaptable and informed when managers have choices.

Question 12

What is the significance of partnership development and stakeholding?

Answer 12

Partnerships enhance resource maximization; stakeholders perform better when they have a ‘stake’ in the organization.

Question 13

What role do inspection and audit play in modernization?

Answer 13

They ensure organizations meet goals while avoiding excessive bureaucracy.

Question 14

What does professionalism in sport delivery entail? (Shilbury et al., 2013)

Answer 14

Transitioning from volunteer-delivered amateur sport to professionally managed sport supported by volunteers.

Question 15

What are the key components of modernization as a development framework?

Answer 15

Managerialism, choice, responsiveness, partnership development, inspection and audit, anti-bureaucracy, and professionalism of sport delivery (Houlihan & Green, 2009, in Tacon & Walters, 2016).

Question 16

Describe Sport NZ’s funding model pre-2022.

Answer 16

Based on participation and high performance, it was a conventional model similar to international standards, with a ‘we know best’ approach and limited Māori-focused programs.

Question 17

What was the only Māori-focused program by Sport NZ in 2020?

Answer 17

He Oranga Poutama.

Question 18

What is Whare Tapa Wha? (Durie, 1984)

Answer 18

A framework encompassing four dimensions: Wairua (spirituality), Tinana (physicality), Hunengaro (thoughts and feelings), Whānau (family).

Question 20

What feedback did focus groups provide about Sport NZ’s direction?

Answer 20

Concerns included lack of Māori partnership and that Sport NZ does not recognize Māori constructs of physical activity.

Question 21

What is Mana Ōrite in the context of Māori partnership?

Answer 21

Genuine collaboration with Māori National Sports Organizations (NSOs) and iwi.

Question 22

What does Mana Māori refer to?

Answer 22

Protection of Māori culture, promoting te reo and tikanga in planning and policy.

Question 23

What are the guiding principles of Aho tapu Te Tiriti?

Answer 23

Capability and capacity building, and contributions to Māori well-being.

Question 24

What does Mana Taurite focus on?

Answer 24

Reviewing inequities in sport, developing Māori leadership pathways, and addressing funding biases.

Question 25

What is the new vision for cultural capacity in Sport NZ?

Answer 25

Individual, organizational, and sectoral cultural competencies focusing on Treaty principles and Māori perspectives.

Question 26

What does cultural vitality aim to achieve?

Answer 26

Enhancing cultural identity, rebuilding trust, and revitalizing connections between physical activity and the environment.

Question 27

What are some barriers Māori face in participating in PARS? (Parata, 2024)

Answer 27

Financial issues, feelings of exclusion, accessibility, and racism.

Question 28

What are key themes identified for improving Māori mental health through PARS? (Parata, 2024)

Answer 28

Cultural expression, whakawhanaungatanga, and creating inclusive mental health support spaces.

Question 29

What steps can support Māori engagement in PARS? (Parata, 2024)

Answer 29

Māori-led initiatives, community sports groups, and removing financial barriers.

Question 30

What does the modernization wrap-up emphasize?

Answer 30

An ongoing development mechanism for public organizations, reflecting policy demands while incorporating non-western management perspectives respectfully.