Modern world: individuals & discoveries Flashcards

1
Q

What did Archibald Garrod theorise in 1902? Why was this significant?

A

Theorised that hereditary diseases are caused by missing information in the body’s chemical pathways. This was one of the first theories directed towards hereditary disease.

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2
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich discover in 1909?

A

Discovered the first chemical cure, Salvarsan 606, which cured syphilis.

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3
Q

What did Alexander Fleming discover in 1928?

A

Discovered the first true antibiotic. Knowing there must be a substance in exposed human organs which protected them from bacteria, he eventually discovered penicillin through mould in a petri dish. However, it was not yet safe to dose out.

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4
Q

How did Florey and Chain advance Fleming’s breakthrough with penicillin?

A

They found a safe way to dose penicillin by infecting a group of mice, half of which were given the drug and were the ones that remained healthy.

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5
Q

What was the significance of Florey and Chain’s work on antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics were a crucial development at this time: the start of WW2. Florey & Chain managed to gain US support for mass production of the drug, which was used on the front line.

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6
Q

What did Gerhard Domagk discover in 1932 and how?

A

He discovered prontosil’s power as an antibiotic. The bright red dye killed bacteria in mice. He tested it on his daughter, and it cured her of blood poisoning.

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7
Q

What was the significance of Gerhard Domagk’s discovery of prontosil in 1932?

A

When used as a cure for puerperal fever at Queen Charlotte’s maternity hospital, deaths fell from 20% to 4.7%.

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8
Q

What did British scientists develop in 1938?

A

Developed M&B 693, an antibiotic that successfully treated Winston Churchill for pneumonia during WW2.

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9
Q

What was discovered in 1943?

A

Streptomycin: an antibiotic so powerful it even worked against TB.

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10
Q

What did Franklin do in 1951?

A

Photographed DNA.

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11
Q

What did Watson and Crick do in 1953, after Franklin had photographed DNA in 1951? What was the importance of this?

A

With the help of Franklin’s images, they published a paper proving an understanding of the structure of DNA.
The parts of DNA that were causing hereditary diseases could now be explored.

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12
Q

The Human Genome Project was run from 1990 to 2000. What is the importance of scientists now having a map of the human genome?

A

It is now possible for scientists to use the blueprint of human DNA to look for mismatches in the DNA of people suffering from hereditary diseases.

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13
Q

Who theorised that hereditary diseases are caused by missing information in the body’s chemical pathways?

A

Archibald Garrod.

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14
Q

Who discovered the first chemical cure, Salvarsan 606, which cured syphilis?

A

Paul Ehrlich.

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15
Q

Who discovered penicillin, the first true antibiotic?

A

Alexander Fleming.

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16
Q

Who advanced on Fleming’s discovery of penicillin by making it safe to dose out?

A

Florey and Chain.

17
Q

Who discovered prontosil’s power as an antibiotic?

A

Gerhard Domagk.

18
Q

Who developed M&B 693?

A

A team of British scientists.

19
Q

Who photographed DNA in 1951?

A

Franklin.

20
Q

Who published a paper, proving an understanding of the structure of DNA, with the help of Franklin’s images?

A

Watson and Crick.