Industrial revolution: individuals Flashcards
What did Lady Mary Montagu do in the 1720s?
1) She had visited the Ottoman empire and discovered inoculation/variolation, a form of immunisation where dried bits of diseased scabs were blown into someone’s nose, and the person then contracted a mild form of the disease. 2) She then introduced this to Europe, where 1-2% of those variolated against smallpox died of the disease, compared to 30% of those who contracted it naturally.
Who was Thomas Dimsdale?
A successful and popular inoculator in the 18th century.
Who was Edward Jenner and what did he discover?
He was a physician in Gloucestershire who theorised that there must have been a link between the dairy maids who he treated for cowpox, and the fact that they didn’t catch smallpox during outbreaks of the disease. He infected James Phipps with cowpox in 1796, and attempted to give him smallpox six weeks later. The boy did not catch it; this was the first ever vaccination.
What did Edwin Chadwick publish?
His 1842 “Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain” stated that a local tax should be implemented and used to fund prevention of illness, rather than treatment.
Who was James Simpson and what did he do?
He was a surgeon who discovered at a dinner party in 1847 that the chemical chloroform could knock people out for a duration of time. Chloroform was then used in surgery.
What did John Snow develop in 1848?
Developed the chloroform dispenser. He discovered that young, extremely fit and scared people were most at risk of death from an overdose of chloroform.
Who was Florence Nightingale and what did she do?
She was a nurse in a Crimean war field hospital from 1853-6. She reduced the mortality rate massively by introducing changes, such as making it more sanitary, having an organised schedule and blanketing soldiers. When she returned to Britain, she promoted the pavilion layout to separate patients, and set up the Nightingale School for Nurses in 1860.
Who was John Snow and what did he do?
John Snow was a surgeon who had administered chloroform to Queen Victoria in 1851. In his 1848 text “On the Mode of Communication of Cholera”, he theorised that water was contaminated with the disease. In 1854, he published a spot map which linked 93 deaths from cholera in Soho to a water pump on Broad Street. Later inspections revealed that untreated sewage from a nearby cesspit was leaking into the water supply.
What led Louis Pasteur to come up with his germ theory in 1861?
He was a research chemist, employed to investigate why some vats of beer were turning sour. Analysing samples under a microscope, he saw thousands of microbes and became convinced that these were responsible for the putrefaction of the beer.
What were the 4 principles of Pasteur’s germ theory?
1) Microorganisms cause decay and are not “spontaneously generated” by it 2) Germs are everywhere around us, including in the air 3) Microbes are not evenly distributed 4) Microbes can be killed by applying heat
Why was Pasteur’s germ theory slow to be accepted?
His work was slow to be accepted due to the wide support of spontaneous generation, advocated by well respected individuals such as Dr. Bastien.
What was the importance of Pasteur’s germ theory?
There had been little understanding of what caused infectious disease and spoiled food. Pasteur’s work became the basis of understanding these things and massively changed societal attitude towards hygiene, influencing things like aseptic hospitals and antiseptics.
Who was Joseph Lister and what did he do?
He was an English surgeon who used the principles of germ theory to theorise that there was a chemical which cleared wounds of germs. He discovered in 1865 that carbolic acid worked, after using it on a patient’s broken leg. In the same year, he developed a carbolic mist/spray pump.
Who was John Tyndall and what did he do?
He discovered small particles in the air, and gave a lecture, in 1870, that linked Pasteur’s work to that of Joseph Lister, a surgeon who employed the germ theory in his practice.
What did Louis Pasteur do in 1879?
He developed a chicken cholera vaccine, by producing a weakened strain of the germ.
