Models of therapy and psychological thinking informing practise Flashcards
What is the diathesis stress model?
Psychological problems occur when people are biologically vulnerable to the illness and a they’re exposed to a stressor which is when the illness surfaces
What are the limitations of the psychoanalytical model?
The therapy is time consuming and expensive, many sessions a week for many years, so it’s not a cost effective routine to be used in hospitals
The patients Freud seen, may have been abused at childhood by their parents and not necessarily fantasizing about seducing their parents
Untestable theories
What are the limitations for CBT?
May not take the wider social context into account e.g. poverty, unemployment or a stressful family environment
Ignores neurobiological causes
This type of therapy may cause therapists to construe a patient’s real difficulty as a bad habit, which may be insensitive
What is CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy)?
Thoughts, feelings and behaviours are all interconnected, and create a negative cycle
Type of talking treatment which focuses on the thoughts that affect your feelings and behaviour,
helps you manage your problems by challenging the way you think
Commonly used for anxiety and depression
Focuses on current problems, not past experiences
Breaks patients problems into smaller parts
Aim to help the patient identify negative patterns and to think more positively
Who was Aaron Beck?
Known as the father of CBT
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Founder of psychoanalysis
Theory of unconscious with a psychic model composing of the id, ego and super ego
Created therapeutic processes like free association (one object in present day can bring back a past memory) and transference (placing your feelings from one person onto another)
What is psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic psychotherapy?
Aims to help unconscious emotional problems/relationship problems
Reduce symptoms and alleviate stress
Not only limited to those with poor mental health, but also those who have lost a sense of meaning in their life
Patients become more aware of their inner world, and it’s influence over past and present relationships
What is the difference between psychodynamic therapy and psychoanalysis?
Psychodynamic therapy uses psychoanalysis principles and should occur once or twice a week
Psychoanalysis can take 50 minutes and occurs 4-5 times a week
What are the types of psychodynamic theories?
Id, ego and superego
Transference
Counter transference (therapist putting their feelings onto the patient)
Uses the theory of inner conflict where repressed behaviours and emotions surface into the patients consciousness
Generally, conflict is supposed to be in the subconscious
What is the Rorchach test?
Set of inkblots were used to measure various unconscious parts of a person’s personality
Helped identify personality, psychotic and neurological disorders
Patient answers questions about what they see in the inkblot, using psychological interpretation
Used to test emotional functioning and personality characteristics
What is systematic therapy?
Approaches problems practically
Doesn’t determine past causes or assign a diagnosis
Identify stagnant patterns of behaviour in groups of people, like a family
Addresses those patterns
Therapists can’t change the systems themselves, but can introduce creative ‘nudges’ into the systems
What are the roots of systematic therapy?
Roots in family therapy
These early schools of family therapy led to systematic therapy
Systematic therapy originated from fields in biology and physiology
What is narrative therapy?
Form of psychotherapy
Helps the patient identify their values and skills they have, so the patient can confront the whatever problems they face
Investigates the history of those values or skills
Therapists help patient co-author a new narrative about themselves
Used in the field of family therapy, but is also practised in schools and community work
Who is Michael White?
Founder of narrative therapy
Family therapist
What is DBT (dialectical behaviour therapy)?
Treated emotionally unstable/borderline personality disorders, suicidal ideation as well as mood disorders
Change in behavioural patterns like self harm and substance abuse
Therapist and client work with acceptance and change orientated strategies, to balance and synthesize them
Who is Marsha Linehan?
Developed DBT
DBT has helped people increase their emotional and cognitive regulation. And learn about the triggers that make patients reactive
What is Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT)? How does this differ from CBT?
Form of counselling
Uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies
Mixed with commitment and behavioural change strategies to increase psychological flexibility
In CBT, a patient may have experienced a traumatic event and therefore can’t help change their thought process. ACT may be better because there’s acceptance and patients learn how to progress
What is IPT (interpersonal therapy)?
Talking therapy to help people with depression identity and address other problems in their life like the relationships they have with family, friends or partners
Poor relationships in one’s life can leave a person feeling depressed
Depression can make relationships with others worsen
Offered in 16 to 20 sessions
Only offered IPT by NHS if you’re not responding to CBT
What is MBCT (mindfulness based cognitive therapy)?
Helps patients focus on their thoughts and feelings as they happen moment by moment
Used to treat addiction and depression
Combines mindfulness strategies like meditation and breathing exercises, with cognitive therapy
Offered after a course of treatment to stop depression coming back
What is Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT)?
Used to treat shame, self criticism and self hate, which are all features of anxiety, depression and psychosis
Uses compassionate mind training which teaches skills and attributes of compassion
Helps transform problematic patterns of cognition and emotion related to shame, self criticism and anger
Who is Paul Raymond Gilbert?
Founder of Compassion Focused Therapy
What is the threat, drive and safety system? Who has it? How is this useful is CFT?
We are born with all systems, but the environment implicates whether someone will utilize and sustain a non-survival based system
Threat system: alert and direct attention to threats, contains threat emotion based emotions like anger and threat based behaviours like fight or flight
Drive system: pay attention and notice advantageous resources, experience drive and pleasure in securing them
Safety system: enables state of peacefulness when an individual is no longer seeking a threat or resources (allows body to rest and digest)
CFT uses these systems to help the patient withdraw from threat focused systems and active the drive system to work towards valued goals
