Models of affective disorders

Question 1

What was the psychological understanding in the 2nd Century?

Answer 1

Galen saw psychology as a result from 4 humours.

Later this was developed into temperaments: Melancholic (black bile: Depressed) and Phelmatic (sluggish and inactive)

Question 2

How was the body structured into an hierarchy by Galen and then Reisch?

Answer 2

Galen: hierarchy of spirits or vapours

Riesch Hierarchy of Souls or static hierarchy of nobility

Brain- Animal vapour-Intellectual soul
Heart-Vital Vapour-sensitive soul
Liver-Natural Vapour-vegetative soul

Question 3

what was the 1500s depiction of Melancholy?

Answer 3

Both good and bad

Positive character-intellectual and immaginitve

Others viewed it as negative and as impairment

Question 4

How did Kraeplin conceptualise melancholia?

Answer 4

Saw it as manic depression and on a spectrum in Bipolar

Core symptoms: Disturbance of thought, mood and will.

hard to think, felt empty and inability to decide

These core symptoms were independent of each other. Explains mixed states.

Question 5

What did Freud believe differentiated sadness and depressiveness?

Answer 5

Self blame:

Ambivelance in relationships with deceased-unconscious anger- self-directed anger

Question 6

How did Bowlby understand depression and who was he influenced by?

Answer 6

Basis for Bowlby attachment theory was Freud

Problem with detaching from people: making and breaking bonds key to understanding depression

Question 7

What was the Revised Learned Helpless Model and why might it be wrong?

Answer 7

Attribution theory of motivation,

Instead of Freud’s single drive: Libido, individuals look for information about why things happen.

Over attribution to the themselves decreases self-worth and increases vulnerability to depression

BUT:
Those in remission don’t show this attribution style thinking.

Question 8

What did Aaron Beck say regarding Depression?

Answer 8

Thought processes are not only the side effect of depression, but contribute to it via maladaptive schemas that dominate.

He found thought disturbances were found in Depressed patients:

Atribitary inference
Selective abstraction
Over-generalisation
Magnification and minimisation

These thoughts centred around loss of something valuable and results in negative triad:

Self, experience, and future: Negative Triad

Question 9

How did Teasdale describe depression and cognition?

Answer 9

That cognition plays reciprocal role in symptoms and biases that cause negative cognition-viscous cycle.

Question 10

What did Brown and Harris think caused depression?

Answer 10

Social origins of depression, based on Bowlby’s attachment theory.

Vulnerability factors were: 
Early Loss of mother 
Lack of confidant
Unemployment
Caring for young

Women more susceptible,

Mediated by low self esteem and hopelessness.

Question 11

What is the Positive and Negative Affectivity?

Answer 11

Watson:

Anxiety and Depression entangled

Negative Affective related to depression and anxiety. (general predictor)

Postive Affect related to Depression only.

So lack of positive affect demarcated depression

Question 12

What dimensions does the attribution style questionnaire score?

Answer 12

Internal vs External
Stable vs Unstable
Global vs Specific

Higher vulnerability to depression if Global, stable and internal

Question 13

What two factors do the Dysfunctional attitude Scale measure?

Answer 13

Perfectionist and Dependency

Different life events efffected each of these factors

Question 14

What did Teasdale find regarding Dysfunctional attitude scales?

Answer 14

It wasn’t exhibited in those remitting and should be as they are vulnerability factors.

Instead: Differential Activation Hypothesis

In order to see Dysfunction attitude you need to prime people. Difference before and after primer was “Cognitive Reactivity”-better predictor of recurrence of depression.

Question 15

What is the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule?

Answer 15

PANAS:

Words that you rate your feeling of 1-5

Question 16

What are the limitations of Attribution style questionnaire, Dysfunctional Attitude Scale and PANAS?

Answer 16

ASQ: Relevance of each situation not noted per individual

DAS, doesn’t measure cognition and instead highly emotionally charged.

PANAS:
Underestimates that some emotions are more relevant to depression: Guilt.

Question 17

Why are implicit tests necessary?

Answer 17

Because those taking the test may not want the tester to know their attitudes.

Question 18

Why are gambling tests increasingly popular?

Answer 18

Because unlike explicit and implicit tests they measure real decisons?

Question 19

What does the Implicit Association Test measure?

Answer 19

Self esteem by subtracting response times.

Question 20

What did Lythe and Zahn find using a Implicit Association Test?

Answer 20

No difference in non and medication free MD.

Explicit depression-lower in MDD and predicts recurrence.

Question 21

What does the Ultimate Game teach about depressed patients?

Answer 21

In one study they accepted less than healthy individuals.

Not-replicated

Questions of wether gambling is best measure

Question 22

What primary symptoms did Zahn find and why are they useful?

Answer 22

Feelings of worthlessness

Transculturally they are stable

Question 23

What findings were found by Zahn et al regarding feelings of MDD patients?

Answer 23

50% self disgust/loathing
Guilt slightly less
Self-blaming 80%
Other blaming 30% (concurrent with self blame)

Question 24

What symptoms co-occured with each other?

Answer 24

Self blaming and guilt

Similar to Teasdale’s model of Learned Helplessness.

Not generally aggression or disgust toward others

Question 25

What can be said regarding overgeneralisation?

Answer 25

That it occurs when self blame is more than blame others

Question 26

What did the Green and Zahn study find regarding Depression and Self contempt?

Answer 26

Those with depression were more likely to judge themselves harsher.

No greater negative affect difference though.