model organisms

Question 1

why non-human specises for studying

Answer 1

to prevent diseases, aging
to understands human biology so mammals must be used

Question 2

model organisms should be…

Answer 2

easy in lab
have a fast reproduction system
allow genetic manipulation
be non-patogenic=no disease

Question 3

how does a classic experiment carry out

Answer 3

1- non particles or drugs
2-in vitro cell test
3-in vivo
4-scale up
5-clinical test

3 and 4. 2-8 years

Question 4

a plant that is used…

Answer 4

arabidopsis thaliana

useful for studying cellular metabolism
most common model organism

Question 5

E. coli

Answer 5

pokaryor= represent prokaryptes
reproduce fast
used in industry
easy to mutate and transfer the gene

Question 6

saccharomyces cerevisiae

Answer 6

yeast
single cell eukaryoric= organelles
easy to mutate= normally multi cell eukaryotic it is hard
for cell division, cancer research

Question 7

e coli + saccharomces for…

Answer 7

pharmaceuticals

Question 8

genes encoding human insulin and groth hormone were cloned and produced in…

Answer 8

E coli by Stanley cohen and herbert boyer

Question 9

in 1920s insulin pruified from bovine and porcine pancreas but it was expensive

Answer 9

true

Question 10

Recombinant human insulin has been produced predominantly usingE. coliandSaccharomyces cerevisiae(yeast).It is CHEAP!

Answer 10

true

Question 10

Foreign genes are transferred to produce enzymes in Ecoli/Yeast

Answer 10

true

Question 11

drosophila melanogaster

Answer 11

fruit fly
for genetic studeis= earliest
easy to cross them=get many generations

Question 12

caenorhabditis elegans

Answer 12

free living transparant worms
959 cells= why it is used
scientists kill each cell one by one to see how one cell is affected since 959 cell is a small number
rapidly produce= 3 days
creates out body??
embryo development + birth defects
good model to investigate organ development + neurological disease + aging

Question 13

mus muculus

Answer 13

mouse
85% with genes with humans= relevant for studying humans
drugs, pharmaceutical…

Question 14

development of drug

Answer 14

stage 1= drug discovery
2= pre-clinical development(animal testing)
3=clinical development(human testing)

Question 15

phases

Answer 15

during clinical development
1-effect on bofy
2-safety in humans
3-effectiveness of treatment
4-larger scale safety and effectiveness
5-long term safety

Question 16

disocvery of anesthetics and darwins’s publication on the origin of species led to

Answer 16

increase in animal experiments

Question 17

galen aristo hippocratus

Answer 17

used animal testing for many years

Question 18

claude bernard

Answer 18

vivisection

Question 19

first animal protection law

Answer 19

1822 britian

Question 20

3R

Answer 20

replacement (using other tools)
reduction
refinement
later 4r
rehabilation

Question 21

replacements

Answer 21

in silico
organoid
organ-on-a chip
prokaryotes
cell cultures
skşn like polymers

Question 22

full replacement

Answer 22

refers to methods that avoid the use of animals for research and testing purposes. It includes the use of human volunteers, tissues and cells, mathematical and computer models, and established cell lines – often referred to collectively as non-animal technologies or NATs

Question 22

partial replacement

Answer 22

replacement includes the use of some animals that, based on current scientific thinking, are not considered capable of experiencing suffering. This includes invertebrates such as Drosophila, nematode worms and social amoebae, and immature forms of vertebrates. Partial replacement also includes the use of primary cells (and tissues) taken from animals killed solely for this purpose (i.e. not having been used in a scientific procedure that causes suffering).

Question 22

refinement

Answer 22

Refinement refers to methods that minimize the pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm that may be experienced by research animals, and which improve their welfare.

Question 23

reduction

Answer 23

When the replacement of animals is not possible, reduction should be considered. Reduction means a decrease in the number of animals used in experimental protocols.

In these scenarios, it is important to ensure that reducing the number of animals used is balanced against any additional suffering that might be caused by their repeated use.

Sharing data and resources (e.g. animals, tissues and equipment) between research groups and organizations can also contribute to reduction