model organisms Flashcards
why non-human specises for studying
to prevent diseases, aging
to understands human biology so mammals must be used
model organisms should be…
easy in lab
have a fast reproduction system
allow genetic manipulation
be non-patogenic=no disease
how does a classic experiment carry out
1- non particles or drugs
2-in vitro cell test
3-in vivo
4-scale up
5-clinical test
3 and 4. 2-8 years
a plant that is used…
arabidopsis thaliana
useful for studying cellular metabolism
most common model organism
E. coli
pokaryor= represent prokaryptes
reproduce fast
used in industry
easy to mutate and transfer the gene
saccharomyces cerevisiae
yeast
single cell eukaryoric= organelles
easy to mutate= normally multi cell eukaryotic it is hard
for cell division, cancer research
e coli + saccharomces for…
pharmaceuticals
genes encoding human insulin and groth hormone were cloned and produced in…
E coli by Stanley cohen and herbert boyer
in 1920s insulin pruified from bovine and porcine pancreas but it was expensive
true
Recombinant human insulin has been produced predominantly usingE. coliandSaccharomyces cerevisiae(yeast).It is CHEAP!
true
Foreign genes are transferred to produce enzymes in Ecoli/Yeast
true
drosophila melanogaster
fruit fly
for genetic studeis= earliest
easy to cross them=get many generations
caenorhabditis elegans
free living transparant worms
959 cells= why it is used
scientists kill each cell one by one to see how one cell is affected since 959 cell is a small number
rapidly produce= 3 days
creates out body??
embryo development + birth defects
good model to investigate organ development + neurological disease + aging
mus muculus
mouse
85% with genes with humans= relevant for studying humans
drugs, pharmaceutical…
development of drug
stage 1= drug discovery
2= pre-clinical development(animal testing)
3=clinical development(human testing)
phases
during clinical development
1-effect on bofy
2-safety in humans
3-effectiveness of treatment
4-larger scale safety and effectiveness
5-long term safety
disocvery of anesthetics and darwins’s publication on the origin of species led to
increase in animal experiments
galen aristo hippocratus
used animal testing for many years
claude bernard
vivisection
first animal protection law
1822 britian
3R
replacement (using other tools)
reduction
refinement
later 4r
rehabilation
replacements
in silico
organoid
organ-on-a chip
prokaryotes
cell cultures
skşn like polymers
full replacement
refers to methods that avoid the use of animals for research and testing purposes. It includes the use of human volunteers, tissues and cells, mathematical and computer models, and established cell lines – often referred to collectively as non-animal technologies or NATs
partial replacement
replacement includes the use of some animals that, based on current scientific thinking, are not considered capable of experiencing suffering. This includes invertebrates such as Drosophila, nematode worms and social amoebae, and immature forms of vertebrates. Partial replacement also includes the use of primary cells (and tissues) taken from animals killed solely for this purpose (i.e. not having been used in a scientific procedure that causes suffering).
refinement
Refinement refers to methods that minimize the pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm that may be experienced by research animals, and which improve their welfare.
reduction
When the replacement of animals is not possible, reduction should be considered. Reduction means a decrease in the number of animals used in experimental protocols.
In these scenarios, it is important to ensure that reducing the number of animals used is balanced against any additional suffering that might be caused by their repeated use.
Sharing data and resources (e.g. animals, tissues and equipment) between research groups and organizations can also contribute to reduction
