aging

Question 1

mitochondria prone to damage

Answer 1

true

Question 2

if mitochondrşa function declines cells and organs…

Answer 2

deteriorate

Question 3

when telemoers ebcome too short

Answer 3

cells stop replicating and die

Question 4

as we get older stem cells decrease in number and lose their regenerative potential

Answer 4

true

Question 5

lowest life expentecy and higest

Answer 5

lowest central african 53
longest japan 83

Question 6

devekoped countries more than

Answer 6

70 years

Question 7

The average human life expectancy has increased in recent years due to

Answer 7

changes and developments in disease management,
the socio-economic status,
nutritional status of individuals,
as well as fewer accidents and wars

Question 8

our cells have limited cell dvision

Answer 8

true

Question 9

with aging some imprtant seceretions are repressed

Answer 9

true

Question 10

The aging can be monitored by

Answer 10

the loss and shortening oftelomeresat the chromosomal level,
changes in activity of mitochondria,
the accumulation of lipofuscins

Question 11

lipofuscins

Answer 11

Lipofuscinis a yellow/Brown pigmentgranulescomposed oflipid-containing residues.
It is considered to be one of the aging or “wear-and-tear” pigments, found in theliver,kidney,heart, muscle, retina,adrenals,nervecells andganglioncells.
Lipofuscin accumulation
in the eye, is a major risk factor inmacular degeneration.
in the nervous system, is risk factor in neurological disease (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
in the muscle, is a risk factor in cardiac disease and muscle disease.

Question 12

3 maina aigng

Answer 12

oxidative stress
glycation
telomore length

Question 13

oxidative stress

Answer 13

we produce dangerus molecules especially in energy production in mitochindria
for atp ve need =2 the same ocygen as a byproduct
to be stable they want to give electron so they cause damage
because electrons have high energy
risky if it affects DNA (smoking, cancer)

Question 14

stressed depressed individuals age faster

Answer 14

true

Question 15

pruple and red colour vegetables have

Answer 15

lycopene and selenium
they slow down radical damage

Question 16

glycation

Answer 16

glucose sugar from what we eat binds to some of our DNA, proteins and lipids, leaving them unable to do their jobs.

prevent proper DNA replication

lycations are formed in high amounts in diabetes but also in the physiological organism during aging.

HbA1c, the adduct of hemoglobin and glucose, can be used as a major indicator forhyperglycemiawithin the last three weeks

The problem becomes worse as we get older, causing body tissues to malfunction, resulting in disease and death.

This may explain why studies in various laboratory animals indicate that restricting calorie intake extends lifespan.

or even affect proper RNA synthesis

less RNA DNA syntehsis

Question 17

calorie-restricted diet

Answer 17

can live longer

Question 18

we check diabetes with…

Answer 18

hemoglobin protein
because blood can vary

Question 19

telomere length

Answer 19

one of the junk region is telomeres there are no genes on but they protect our DNA from damage
if they are damaged chromosomes loose stability then break down then age

Question 20

when telomeres are too short

Answer 20

cells die

Question 20

shortening of telemores…

Answer 20

aging of cells + death of cells

Question 21

telomerase enzyme

Answer 21

they are silenced
they can produce telomeres
so telomeric regions are not replaced
cancer cells have active telomerase enzyme
it is one of the main parameters
because of that cancer cells are immortal cells

Question 22

if damaged cell dont die

Answer 22

they turn to cancer
if you live long enough you will eventually have cancer

Question 23

photoaging

Answer 23

more UV exposure more DNA damage more radical formation

Question 24

oxidative

Answer 24

Antioxidant levels are determined by theoxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) score. The ORAC score is the ability of a plant to absorb free radicals and eliminate them. ​The National Institute on Agingdeveloped this measurement, and it is based on 100 g of the herb or food.

Question 25

oxidative stresss

Answer 25

A major cause of aging is “oxidative stress.”

It is the damage to DNA, proteins and lipids (fatty substances) caused by oxidants, which are highly reactive substances containing oxygen (ROS).

These oxidants are produced normally by cellular activities (such as oxidative respiration), and also result from inflammation, infection and consumption of alcohol and cigarettes.

ROS causes mtDNA mutation accumulation and deficiency in energy production

In one study, scientists exposed worms to two substances that neutralize oxidants, and the worms’ lifespan increased an average 44 percent

Question 26

oxidative stress giren çıkan

Answer 26

giren: radiation, respiration, radical generators

çıkan: lipid peroxidation, nucleic acid damage, protein oxidation

Question 27

oxidative stresss

Answer 27

A major cause of aging is “oxidative stress.”

It is the damage to DNA, proteins and lipids (fatty substances) caused by oxidants, which are highly reactive substances containing oxygen (ROS).

These oxidants are produced normally by cellular activities (such as oxidative respiration), and also result from inflammation, infection and consumption of alcohol and cigarettes.

ROS causes mtDNA mutation accumulation and deficiency in energy production

In one study, scientists exposed worms to two substances that neutralize oxidants, and the worms’ lifespan increased an average 44 percent