GMO Flashcards
genetic experiments started with
cloning
cloning
transfer a gene to another organism
used for hormones,drugs
1900 started with
tomatoes
prevent intescts without chemicals
selective breeding
try to improve
expensive
crossbreeding
two different species
not common because most of them don’t survive or they are infertile
problem in çarazlama breeding, inbreeding
probablity in disease increase
GMO
organism that carries a gene from another organism
2 methods to improve yield
selective breeding(same)
cross breeding(different species)
disadvtanged of gmo
cancer
increase the probability of unwanted features
increase the probability of diseases
Agenetically modified organism (GMO)…
is an animal, plant, ormicrobewhoseDNAhas been altered usinggenetic engineering techniques.
The specific targeted modification ofDNAusingbiotechnologyhas allowed scientists to …
avoid this problem and improve thegeneticmakeup of anorganismwithout unwanted characteristics tagging along.
Genetically modified animals are mainly used for research purposes, while genetically modified plants are common in today’s food supply.
true
Agricultural plants are most frequently genetically modified to
improve the yield, quality and cost of the foods.
Some benefits of plant genetic engineering in agriculture;
increased crop yields,
reduced costs for food ordrug production,
reduced need for pesticides,
enhanced nutrient composition and food quality,
resistance to pests anddisease, greater food security, and medical benefits to the world’s growingpopulation.
mature faster and tolerate aluminum, boron, salt, drought, frost, and other environmental stressors, allowing plants to grow in conditions where they might not otherwise flourish
More than 95% of animals used for meat and dairy in the United States eat GMO crops.
true
There are benefits for both farmers and consumers. For example
higher yields and longer shelf life may lead to lower prices for consumers, and
pest-resistant crops means that farmers don’t need to buy and use as manypesticidesto grow quality crops.
GMO crops can thus be kinder to the environment than conventionally grown crops.
The firstgeneticallyengineered plants to be produced for human consumption were introduced in the mid-1990s. Today, approximately 90 percent of the corn, soybeans, and sugar beets on the market are GMOs.
true
Geneticallyengineered crops;
produce higher yields,
have a longer shelf life,
are resistant to diseases and pests,
and even taste better.
A number of animals have also been genetically engineered to
increase yield and
decrease susceptibility to disease.
Some GMO animals, however, are produced for human consumption. For example;
Salmon has been genetically engineered to grow larger and mature faster, and the U.S. FDA has stated that these fish are safe to eat.
Most animals that are GMOs are produced for use in laboratory research. These animals are used as “models” to study the function of specific genes and, typically, how the genes relate to health and disease.
Cattles have been enhanced to exhibit resistance to mad cow disease.
The process of genetic engineering
1 identify a trait on interest
2 isolate the genetic trait of interest
3 inset the desired trait to new genome
4 growing gmo
For example, insect resistance gene was taken from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) which is a naturally occurring bacterium in the soil that produces proteins specifically active against certain insects.
Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt
Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) is a naturally occurring bacterium in the soil that produces proteins specifically active against certain insects. Some crops such as corn, cotton, and soybeans have been genetically engineered to express theBtgenes that act as insecticides.Btcorn is designed to control corn pests such as the European corn borer, corn earworm, and southwestern corn borer, andBtcotton effectively controls cotton pests such as the tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, and pink bollworm [7]. The use ofBtcrops has led to a reduction in conventional synthetic insecticide use
The threats posed by climate change
floods,
droughts,
intense storms
and hotter temperatures.
Drought resistant
Maize needs plenty of water to thrive. But many farmers in drier regions now plant drought-tolerant maize.
Similarly with using drought resistance crops;
Conserve soil and water
Use other nonsitable areas for farming
Improve yield in harsh environment (deserts, mountains, cold regions)
Chinese and American laboratories dominate the GMO sector.
true
Genetically engineered crops help support conservation biological control
More food on less land
Reduced CO2 emission (less time on tractor)
Less food waste (increase shelf life, less disease)
Less contamination of soil with pesticide/insecticide
Protecting Biodiversity
Genetically engineered (GE) crops producing insecticidal proteins fromBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) (mainly Cry proteins) have become a major control tactic for a number of key lepidopteran and coleopteran pests, mainly in maize, cotton, and soybean.
the vast majority of studies demonstrates that the insecticidal proteins deployed today cause no unintended adverse effects to natural enemies.
These insect-resistant crops incorporate one or more proteins from a common soilbacterium,bacillus thuringiensis (Bt),that kill target insects like the corn borer, but not other non-target insects, mammals, or humans.
Furthermore, when Bt crops replace synthetic chemical insecticides for target pest control, this creates an environment supportive of the conservation of natural enemies.
The Effects of GMOs on Beneficial In
Pollinators, such as bees, are very important not only foragriculture but also for biodiversity. Bees collect pollen and nectar to keep their hives alive, as well aspollinate plants. Pollination is a necessary part of some plants’ fertilization processesbecause it allows for the development of fruits and seeds.
EPA checks modified plants and their impact on bees
Many have claimed that certain GMO crops harm pollinators, however, there is currently no evidence that GMOs have caused adecline in beesor other pollinators. Extensive field experience with commercial herbicide tolerant orinsect resistant GM cropshas shownno deleterious effects
neonics” – could be negatively impacting honey bee health..Neonics are the most widely used class of insecticides and were adopted to replace another class of pesticide, organophosphates.
Golden Rice Project
Golden rice is genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, which is not normally present in rice. Beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A when metabolized by the human body. We need vitamin A for healthier skin, immune systems, and vision.
The World Health Organization estimates that about 250 million preschool children are affected by VAD. Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 of these children become blind every year
Vitamin A supplementation could prevent 2.7 million childhood deaths.
The Opposition to Golden Rice
Golden Rice will be cultivated in countries such as Bangladesh and the Philippines, where there is a high risk of VAD and where rice consumption is high. However, Golden Rice is not yet ready for farmers to grow or for people to eat;
Golden Rice has low and variable levels of beta-carotene
Golden Rice has not been adequately tested for bioavailability
We do not know whether Golden Rice improves the vitamin A status of people suffering from VAD. Vitamin A can only be absorbed by the body when it is consumed along with fat. Children and adults suffering from VAD, which is most commonly caused by malnutrition, often do not have access to fat in their diets.
Beta-carotene in Golden Rice degrades rapidly during storage and cooking
After six months of being stored in the presence of air at 25°C (a common temperature in most Asian countries), beta-carotene in Golden Rice degraded by 80-84%
The scientists also found that cooking Golden Rice degraded the beta-carotene by 17-24%.
Economical and social reason
Since for-profit companies back genetically modified foods, some fear that their possible market dominance could negatively affect small-scale farmers, particularly poor farmers who cannot compete with large biotech companies for land and a share of the rice market.
GMOs Risks
Risks include potential allergies or antibiotic resistance. There is also the possibility that genetically modified foods may enter the food supply inadvertently when GMO crops are planted near non-GMO crops, without the consumers’ knowledge. As genetically modified crops would have to be grown, there are concerns about the effect they would have on the surrounding environment.
Another issue concerns the spreading, escaping, or crossing of genes from genetically modified crops. This could create unwanted pesticide or herbicide resistance. As with human safety concerns, there is a possibility that other animals that eat genetically modified crops will be affected.
negatively affect small-scale farmers
we need to keep fruits fresh how?
cold storage (room artificial climate)
collect them before maturation
artificial chemicals to slow down decay
how to increase yield
artificial fertilizar(bad for soil)
golden rice caused…
blindness and immune system problems
golden rice project aims to
aims to transfer some genes to rice to produce vitamin A in poor countries
BT gene prevents…
insects
first commercial tomato
transffering gene instead of chemicals decrease
the cost beneficial for product
foreign proteins does not always cause allergic reactions
true
gmo-pollen
we need polymers to get crops it is believed that gmo will kill polyneyters but scientific study shows that there is no need to worry
first-ever
get insulin from bacteria e coli
second
to produce growth hormone
gmo to …
prevent pestisade usage
improve nutrtient quality
longer shelf life
medical applications or researches
increase agriculture productivity
golden rice concerns..
becvause of the long shelf life it will lose vitamin A
gmo decrease genetic variation among organsism cause health problems
true
GMO social effects
beneficial
solve hunger
solve malnutiriton problems
help protect environment
reduce environmental footprint
increase nutritional status
negative
harm to health
may cause allergic reactions
negative on traditional farming
gmo economica
positive
lead to former dependence on corporations that control the price and supply of sseds
medical benefits
greater food security
lead to increased inequality among farmers
negative
potential cost
excessive corporate domainance
the unnaturalness of technology
gmo envrionmental
positive
decrease CO2
less use of pesticides
increased supply of food with reduced cost
faster growing plant
negative
potential impact on non-target species
potential for inreased weediness
increase in toxin levels
impact on agriculture ecosystem
pesticides
harmful
time consuming
expensive
and they can kill helpful insects
damage environment
golden rice contains…
beta carotene
