Mode of Action

Question 1

transduction event

Answer 1

initiated by receptor; activates amplifier

Question 2

amplifier

Answer 2

(enzyme) makes 2nd messenger; activated by transduction event

Question 3

second messenger

Answer 3

(CS) made by amplifier; activates internal effector

Question 4

internal effector

Answer 4

(protein kinase) activated by 2nd messenger

Question 5

protein kinase

Answer 5

internal effector; puts phosphate on specific substrate

Question 6

G protein coupled receptor (GCPR)

Answer 6

receptor

Question 7

G proteins

Answer 7

Gs, Gi, Gq; transducer

Question 8

adenylyl cyclase (AC)

Answer 8

converts ATP to cAMP

Question 9

phosphoproteins

Answer 9

de-phosphorylated proteins from PKA

Question 10

phosphatase

Answer 10

enzyme that removes phosphate from a protein

Question 11

positive allosteric event

Answer 11

actions of cAMP on PKA; cAMP activates PK; reversible and concentration dependent

Question 12

transcription factor

Answer 12

CREB produced from cAMP activated PK

Question 13

EPAC (cAMP regulated guanine nucleotide exchange protein)

Answer 13

cAMP binds to EPAC; Rap-1 causes GTP to GDP

Question 14

phosphatidylinositol

Answer 14

phospholipid in PM; cleaved into IP3 and DAG by phospholipase C

Question 15

inositol triphosphate (IP3)

Answer 15

ligand that binds to gated Ca++ channel; phospholipid; 2nd messenger

Question 16

diacylglycerol (DAG)

Answer 16

allosterically activates PKC; 2nd messenger

Question 17

calcium as 2nd messenger

Answer 17

IP3/DAG pathway; Ca++ released and activates PKC

Question 18

protein kinase C

Answer 18

mediates biological response

Question 19

Ca++/calmodulin (CAM kinase)

Answer 19

calcium binds to calmodulin

Question 20

guanylate cyclase

Answer 20

converts GTP to cGMP

Question 21

cGMP

Answer 21

GTP converted to cGMP; pathway w/no G protein

Question 22

cGMP dependent protein kinase

Answer 22

allosterically activated by cGMP

Question 23

tyrosine kinase type 1

Answer 23

ligand binds to receptor subunit; another receptor subunit; TK binds to activated complex; TK phosphorylates; bio response; internalized by ubiquitin

Question 24

tyrosine kinase type 2

Answer 24

TK catalytic site in receptor; binding reversible; PO4 substrate protein mediates bio response; insulin receptor

Question 25

auto-phosphorylate

Answer 25

phosphorylate itself; TK

Question 26

ubiquitin

Answer 26

grabs phosphorylated homo-dimer and attracts proteins; internalizes receptor and stops signaling

Question 27

heat shock protein (with steroid receptor)

Answer 27

binding to T receptor prior to stimulation

Question 28

heterochromatin

Answer 28

cannot be transcribed; at ends of euchromatin

Question 29

euchromatin

Answer 29

part being transcribed

Question 30

hormone responsive element (HRE)

Answer 30

T/receptor complex binds to it; reversibly

Question 31

nuclear pore

Answer 31

entrance into nucleus; highly selective

Question 32

thyroid hormone

Answer 32

hydrophilic CS pathway; released from thyroid cell; needs transporter

Question 33

thyroid hormone transporter

Answer 33

TH enters cell and binds to

Question 34

thyroid hormone receptor

Answer 34

TH binds reversibly w/THR on HRE

Question 35

hyposecretion

Answer 35

amount of hormones released is too low

Question 36

hypersecretion

Answer 36

amount of hormones released is too high

Question 37

autoimmune deficiency

Answer 37

body’s immune system attacks healthy cells

Question 38

negative feedback

Answer 38

stops signaling; degrade TH; (+) TFs dissociate; (-) TFs bind to receptor

Question 39

types of kinases in signal transduction pathways

Answer 39

PKC and CAM