Mod 9 - Late Adult Flashcards
The maximum number of years an individual can live
Lifespan
What is the general maximum lifespan?
120-125
Number of years the average person born in a particular year will probably live
Life expectancy
What is the average life expectancy in the US?
78.6
Which country has the lowest life expectancy
South Africa
Which country has the highest life expectancy?
Monaco
What is the name for the fact that Latinos live 3.3 years longer than non-Latinos
Latino health paradox
What are possible causes of the Latino health paradox?
Extended family connections, lower rates of smoking
What is the overall life expectancy of US women?
81.2
What is the overall life expectancy of US men?
75.2
Which country has the highest aged than individuals anywhere else in the world?
Okinawa
What factors contribute to longevity in Okinawa?
Diet, low stress, active caring community, spirituality
Who has lower risk of dying from cancer than United States and Japan
Okinawa
What are super centenarians?
110+
What countries have the highest rate of super centenarians?
US
Japan
China
England
Wales
What are possible reasons for longevity?
Genes
Coping skills
Diet
What age is considered young – old
65-84
What age is old-old
85+
What percent of the brains weight is lost between ages 20 and 90
5-10%
What part of the brain shrinks the most?
Prefrontal cortex
What part of the prefrontal cortex do young adults primarily use for memory?
Right side
What part of the prefrontal cortex do older adults use for memory?
Left and right sides
What is linked to decreased working memory and slower motor behavior?
Prefrontal cortex, shrinking and reduction in dopamine
What is another word for using both hemispheres as a compensatory roles in memory
De lateralization
T/F research shows that exercise and environment can generate new nerve cells
True
Why does weight decrease after 60?
Muscle loss
The thickening of eye lens, causing vision to become cloudy or distorted
Cataracts
Damage to optic nerve because of pressure created by fluid buildup in the eye
Glaucoma
Deterioration of the retinas macula
Macular degeneration
At what age do smell and taste start to decrease
60
What percentage of lung capacity decreases from age 20 to 80
40%
What percent of 65 to 74-year-old died of cancer or cardiovascular disease
60%
What is the leading cause of death in middle-aged adults?
Cancer
What is the leading cause of death in those 75 and older
Cardiovascular disease
What population have high death rates for most diseases?
African-Americans
Inflammation of the joints, accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems
Arthritis
Extensive loss of bone tissue
Osteoporosis
What is the leading cause of injury death for adults age 65 and older
Falling
At what age does late onset alcoholism happen?
After 65
T/F being overweight, may be associated with lower all cause mortality
True
Hardware of the mind involved in speed and accuracy of processing
Cognitive mechanics
Software of the mind involved in writing language, education, and coping mechanisms
Cognitive pragmatics
Which may improve with age, mechanics, or pragmatics
Pragmatics
Cognitive mechanics have what type of foundation
Biological or genetic
Cognitive pragmatics have what type of foundation
Cultural and experiential
At what age does reaction time begin to slow
40s
When does reaction time decline accelerate?
60-70
Facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state
Explicit memory
What happens to explicit memory with age?
Declines
Memory involving skill and routine without conscious recollection
Implicit memory
Does implicit memory decline with age?
Less likely
Retention of information about the where and what of life’s happenings
Episodic memory
Older adults remember more events from their 20s and 30s
Reminiscence bump
A persons knowledge about the world
Semantic memory
Does semantic memory decline as much as episodic memory?
No, it does not
Phenomenon where individuals are unable to retrieve information despite feeling that they should be able to
Tip of the tongue phenomenon
The ability to remember where one learned something
Source memory
Ability to remember to do something in the future
Prospective memory
Two techniques that can improve memory and increase aerobic, physical activity duration
Mindfulness and meditation
Expert knowledge about aspects in life that allows excellent judgment about important matters
Wisdom
What is a better predictor of wisdom, personality, or cognitive?
Personality
True or false: older adults, maintain, or improve their word knowledge
True
Two language problems that may appear in late adulthood
Retrieve words
Understand speech
The study between brain and cognitive function
Cognitive neuroscience
Bilingualism may delay what
Alzheimer’s
What percentage of life is spent in retirement in the US
10 to 15%
How many return to work after retirement?
7 million
Average age of retirement for men and women
64 and 62
What country has the earliest retirement?
France
What country has the oldest retirement?
Korea
What are predictors of a successful retirement
Healthy
Educated
Connected
Satisfied, before retiring
Two main worries of individuals as they approach retirement
Income
Healthcare expense
Global term for irreversible decline in mental function
Dementia
What percent of dementia does Alzheimer’s account for
60 to 80%
Sixth cause of death in the US
Alzheimer’s
How many people over 65 have Alzheimer’s
1 in 10
Women account for______ cases of Alzheimer’s
2/3
African Americans are how many times more likely to have Alzheimer’s
Two times
Latinos are how many times more likely to have Alzheimer’s
1.5
What is the brain messenger chemical deficiency in Alzheimer’s
Acetyl choline
Gene linked to increased presence of plaques and tangles in the brain with Alzheimer’s
ApoE
True or false: Alzheimer’s drugs slow the disease but do not address the cause
True
Disease characterized by muscle, tremors, slowing of movement and partial facial paralysis
Parkinson’s
Neuro transmitter deficiency in Parkinson’s
Dopamine
Drug used to treat Parkinson’s
L-dopa
Theory that more active older adults are more likely to be satisfied with their lives
Activity theory
Theory that motivation changes as a function of time being short
Socio emotional selectivity theory
Two important classes of goals individuals are motivated to achieve
Knowledge and emotional
At what stages is emotional satisfaction the most important
Infancy and old age
When does pursuit of knowledge peak
Adolescence, early adulthood
When does the pursuit of emotional satisfaction begin to rise again in adulthood?
Middle age
Theory that successful aging is related to selection, optimization and compensation
Selective optimization with compensation theory
Less dementia is connected to high level of
Agreeableness
Low mortality and Alzheimer’s, increased lifespan connected to high
Conscientiousness
When does self-esteem tend to significantly decline?
70s-80s
Widowed, institutionalized, declining health and low spirituality are linked with a decline in
Self-esteem
Percent of US adults married over 65
58%
True/False: marital satisfaction is greater in older adults
True
Percent of older adults that have living children
80%
The extent to which individuals are involved in social exchanges with others
Social integration
Physical, cognitive, and emotional development is maintained longer with
Successful aging
Confidence in one’s ability to produce positive outcomes
Self efficacy
Two most important factors of successful aging
Active lifestyle
Social relationships
What Erikson stage conflict is in old age?
Integrity vs Despair
What is the resolution for Integrity vs Dispair
Wisdom
What is culmination of Integrity vs Despair in old age?
Existential identity
Top 4 health issues for 65+
Arthritis
BP
Hearing
Heart
