Mod 1 Flashcards
What is a pattern of movement or change from conception through lifespan?
Development
Gradual vs specific points of change in development
Continuous vs discontinuous
What is another term for heredity vs environment?
Nature vs nurture
Early traits persist through life vs change being possible
Stability vs change
Life-long, multidimensional, plastic and contextual process that involves growth, maintenance and regulation of loss.
Life span prospective
No single age period dominates development nor does developing end
Lifelong
Multiple interacting influences is called
Contextual
Stages of life, like puberty or menopause, is what type of contextual development
Normative age-graded
Generational or economic influence is what type of contextual development
Normative history-graded
Life events that happen to an individual (lottery win, death of a parent) denote what type of contextual development
Non-normative
What are the stages of development and age
1) prenatal
2) infancy
3) early childhood
4) middle to late childhood
5) adolescence
6) emerging adulthood
7) early adulthood
8) middle adulthood
9) late adulthood
What is the newest category added to the stages of age and development?
Emerging adulthood
What are the 3 patterns of aging?
1) normal
2) pathological
3) successful
What are the 4 conceptions of age?
1) chronological
2) biological
3) psychological
4) social
What is social age?
Level of connectedness with others
Development that looks at changes of a physical nature (genes, height, hormones)
Biological
Development that looks at changes of intellect, thought, language
Cognitive
Development that looks at changes in relationships with other people; emotions, personality
Socio-emotional
What does multidirectional development mean?
Some capacities expand while others shrink
Development that encompasses not just psychological but medical, social, culture, etc.
Multidimensional
The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development
Resilience
Name 4 components of resilience
1) personal characteristics
2) parental relationships
3) social support
4) community resources/opportunities
What is Darwin’s theory of evolution?
Natural selection and survival of the fittest
Who are the 2 main contributors to psychoanalytics?
Freud
Erikson
What does Freud overemphasize
Sexual instinct
What are 5 stages in Freud’s development?
1) oral
2) anal
3) phallic
4) latency
5) genital
Freudian stage where focus of baby’s pleasure center is the mouth
Oral
What might be a sign that someone is locked in the oral stage due to under or over-gratification
Thumb sucking, nail biting, over-eating
Freud phase where child is learning to control bodily functions
Anal
If too strict during anal phase, what is a possible outcome for the child?
Over-orderly
Phase where child has sexual desire for opposite sex parent
Phallic
What is formed during phallic stage when child feels guilt for violating standards by desiring opposite sex parent?
Super-ego
What is Freud stage where sexual needs are repressed in exchange for development of social and intellectual skills?
Latency
Freud stage that sees the awakening of sexual desire
Genital
How many stages does Erikson theorize
8
Erikson 1st stage from birth to 1 year that sets lifelong expectations of the world
Trust vs mistrust
Erikson 2nd stage from 1-3 where child starts to push limits and become self-sufficient or not
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
Erikson 3rd stage at 3-6 where child develops a sense of purpose
Initiative vs guilt
Erikson 4th stage from 6-11 where child learns to become competent in relation to peers
Industry vs inferiority
Erikson 5th stage in adolescence where child is trying to figure out “who am I?”
Identity vs role confusion
Erikson 6th stage where young adults should be forming deeper relationships
Intimacy vs isolation
Erikson 7th stage where adults are contributing to the world or not
Generative vs stagnation
Erikson 8th adult stage focused on reflection about life
Integrity vs despair
Studied directly observable events (Behaviorism)
Watson and Skinner
Theory by Bandura that people learn through modeling/imitation
Social Learning
Piaget’s theory that children must explore and manipulate the world
Cognitive Development
Piaget’s 1st stage where ages 0-2 “think” with senses
Sensorimotor
Piaget’s 2nd phase from 2-7 where symbols represent discoveries but no logic yet
Pre operational
Piaget’s 3rd phase from 7-11 where child has logical, organized ways of thinking
Concrete operational
Piaget’s 4th phase from 11+ where deductive reasoning is present
Formal operational
Theory that studies how info flows in and out
Information Processing
Two areas of Developmental Neuroscience
Social
Cognitive
Study of adaptive and evolutionary history of behavior and attachment
Ethology
What theory did Bowlby and Lorenz study
Ethology
Vygotsky’s theory focused on culture and social interaction
Social cultural
Brofenbrenner’s theory that multiple layers of environment effect development
Ecological
Layer of ecological system where child has the most direct and active interaction
Microsystem
Layer of ecological system where what happens at home influences how a child relates to the outside world
Mesosystem
Layer of ecological system where there is a link between social settings but the individual doesn’t have an active role
Exosystem
Example of Exosystem
Husband has bad day. Comes home grumpy. Wife’s experience at home is affected.
Layer of ecological system where laws, culture and customs affect the individual
Macro system
Layer of ecological system that causes the person to change over time
Chronosystem
Type of research that observes and records behaviors
Descriptive
Type of research that studies the strength of relationship between two or more events or characteristics
Correlation
Type of research that studies cause
Experimental
Inverse relationship is what type of correlation
Negative
Strong relationship is what type of correlation
Higher
Correlation coefficient is 0
No correlation
True or false: correlation = causation
False
In experimental research, these represent “cause”
Independent variables
In experimental research, the resulting effect is called
Dependent variable
Name for a comparison group
Control
Method of data collection where observations are made in a controlled setting
Systematic
Method of data collection where observations are in real-world settings
Naturalistic
Method of data collection subjects answer surveys, interviews
Self-reports
Method of data collection where an in-depth observation of 1 person is done.
Case study
Method of data collection where observations are made via testing
Standardized tests
Method of data collection where observations are made via EEG, HR, hormones, etc.
Physiological testing
Way to study development that follows same subjects over time
Longitudinal
Way to study development by comparison of one group to another (smoker vs non-smoker for lung cancer)
Prospective Cohort
Way to study development that takes different groups and compares at same time
Cross Sectional
Part of ethical research that tells participants what is involved in the study, risks and their right to withdrawal at any time.
Informed consent
Part of ethical research that protects identity of subjects
Confidentiality
Part of ethical research at the end of the study that informs the subjects about the purpose and methods used
Debriefing
Part of ethical research that doesn’t tell the study participants what the study is about but also cannot do harm.
Deception
Drawing a conclusion about all sexes but only studying one sex
Gender bias
Idea of over-generalizing a group based on race, religion, etc. in a superficial way
Ethnic gloss
Inadequate inclusion of all races, religions, etc in a study
Cultural bias
