Mod 4 Early Childhood Flashcards
Average height growth yearly in early childhood
2-3”
Average yearly weight gain in early childhood
5-10 pounds
Approx number of epiphyses that harden to bone in this phase
45
Which sex lose baby teeth earlier?
Girls
Does height get influenced by ethnicity and diet?
Yes
Percent of right handed people
90%
What part of the brain produces growth hormone?
Pituitary
Which side of the brain is especially active between 3-6 years?
Left
What does left hemisphere of brain control
Language and handedness
When does brain’s right hemisphere mostly develop?
8-10 years
What does the right hemisphere correspond with?
Spatial relation abilities
By what age does the brain reach 95% of adult volume?
6 years
What does the amygdala control?
Emotion, novelty
What does the hippocampus control?
Memory
When does mylenation of corpus callosum peak?
3-6 years
At what stage are children the most physically active than they will ever be at any other time?
Preschooler
At what age do we see simple gross motor skills (hop, jump)
3 years
When do simple athletic abilities appear
4 years
When does adventurous activity start
5 years
What are fine motor skills at 3 years?
Clumsy
What are fine motor skills at 4 years?
Improved
What are fine motor skills at 5 years?
Coordinated
What has great impact on gross and fine motor development?
Play and practice
How much sleep do kids need in early childhood
10-13 hours/night
What happens to appetite during early childhood
Dwindles
How many preschoolers in US are malnourished
11 million
What is a common deficiency in malnourishment
Iron
Does more than 2 hours of screen time increase likelihood of obesity
Yes
How often should kids exercise at preschool age?
Daily
What is the leading cause of death in early childhood?
Accidents
What is Piaget’s 2nd development stage?
Pre operational
What age is the Pre operational stage?
2-7 years
When in preoperational stage, what is a common question, especially between 4-7 years?
Why??
Can only see world from their POV. Can’t take perspective of another person.
Egocentrism
When is egocentrism most prevalent
2-4 years
Awareness that altering an objects appearance does not change is basic properties. Two glasses of water experiment.
Conservation
Centering attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
Centration
The zone between what a child can do on their own and what they can learn to do with guidance
ZPD (zone of proximal development)
Who came up with the concept of ZPD?
Vygotsky
Internal talk used for self regulation
Private speech
T/F: mothers, who engage in more sensitive parenting have children who engage in private speech
True
His theories of child development, focus on social, cultural, language, education.
Vygotsky
His theories of child development focus more on stages and cognitive aspects
Piaget
Name two shortcomings of Piaget’s theory
1) cognitive development is more gradual
2) preschoolers, cognitive abilities are more sophisticated
Three shortcomings of the Vygotsky’s theory
1) didn’t look at age related change
2) over emphasis on language
3) little look at basic skills like memory
6 vocabulary principles
Child learns
1) words they hear often
2) words of things that interest them
3) words in active context
4) words in contexts that are meaningful
5) words best when given clear info about the word’s meaning
6) words best when grammar and vocabulary considered
Information retained up to 30 seconds with no rehearsal
Short term memory
Storing large amounts of information for a long time
Long term memory
Aspect of long-term memory related to significant events in the child’s life
Autobiographical memory
Ability to focus on select information
Attention
Focus and extended engagement
Sustained attention
The awareness of one’s own mental processes in the mental processes of others
Theory of mind
At what age do children begin to understand false beliefs?
3-5 years
From 18 months to 3 years, children begin to understand these 3 mental states
1) perceptions
2) emotions
3) desires
What part of the brain is connected to executive function
Prefrontal cortex
From 18 months to 3 years, what theory of mind is a child capable of?
Perception
Emotions
Desires
At what age will a child get the “sally and Ann toy” scenario correct?
4 years old
Before what age is the ambiguous line drawing only seen to have only 1 answer?
7 years
Can infer the meaning of a new word based on clues
Fast mapping
What is the third stage of social emotional development according to Erikson?
Initiative versus guilt
A sense of purpose, eagerness, conscience, and ability to try out new skills
Initiative
Overly strict super ego
Guilt
What did Freud believe formed morals?
Anxiety and Guilt
Morality that focuses on justice and rules being unchangeable; out of anyone’s control (immanent justice)
Heteronomous
Morality that considers intent. Example self-defense.
Autonomous
Restrictive, punishing style of parenting
Authoritarian
Style of parenting that encourages children to be independent, but still places limits
Authoritative
Parenting where parents are highly involved with their children, but place few demands or controls
Indulgent
Parenting style where the parent is uninvolved in the child’s life
Neglectful
Support that each parent gives to the other when raising a child
Coparenting
List the four types of abuse
Physical, neglect, sexual, emotional
Percentage of children in the US that have siblings
80%
Three important aspects of sibling relationships
Emotional
Intimacy
Variation
