Mod 9 DeWit Chap 25

Question 1

what are the two largest constituents of the body fluids?

Answer 1

water and electrolytes

Question 2

what are the four main functions of water in the body

Answer 2

1) act as a vehicle for the transportation of substances to and from the cells
2) aid heat regulation by providing perspiration, which evaporates
3) assist in maintenance of hydrogen (H+) balance in the body
4) serve as a medium for the enzymatic action of digestion

Question 3

the greater the amount of fat the body contains..

Answer 3

the less the percentage of water it has because fat contains less water than other tissue

Question 4

why can the infant be seriously affected by minor changes in their fluid balance?

Answer 4

because of its large body surface area compared with the body weight, loses more fluid through the skin than the adult. the kidneys are not as efficient as the adults and less fluid id reabsorbed.

Question 5

why can the elder be seriously affected by minor changes in their fluid glance?

Answer 5

the elderly person has an age related decline in total body water, diminished thirst sensation, a decrease in urine concentrating ability of the kidney, and a decrease in effectiveness of antidiuretic hormone.

Question 6

dehydration may cause ?

Answer 6

hypovolemia

Question 7

if an excess of fluid volume is present in the body, ? may occur

Answer 7

hyPERvolemia

Question 8

why is water critical to maintaining hemostats?

Answer 8

because water is the medium in which most metabolic and chemical reactions in the body take place. without sufficient water, cells cannot function and death results.

Question 9

minerals or salts that are dissolved in body fluid. measured in milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)

Answer 9

electrolytes

Question 10

Normal range for Sodium (Na+)

Answer 10

135-145 mEq/L

Question 11

Normal range for Potassium (K+)

Answer 11

3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

Question 12

Normal range for Calcium (Ca++)

Answer 12

8.4 - 10.6 mg/dl

Question 13

what are some medications for Hypercalcemia

Answer 13

furosemide (lasix), pamidronate (aredia), zoledronic acid (zometa), calcitonin

Question 14

what are some medications for Hypocalcemia

Answer 14

IV calcium gluconate, PO calcium supplements, Aluminum dydrozide to bind phospate

Question 15

Normal range for Magnesium

Answer 15

1.5 - 2.5 mEq/mL

Question 16

Normal range for Chloride (Cl-)

Answer 16

96 - 106 mEq/L

Question 17

greater the H+…

Answer 17

the more acidic the body <pH

Question 18

lower the H+….

Answer 18

the more alkaline the body >pH

Question 19

blood gas values:

pH 45 mm Hg

Answer 19

Respiratory acidosis

Question 20

blood gas values:
pH < 7.35
HCO3- <22 mEq/L

Answer 20

Metabloic acidosis

Question 21

Blood gas values:
pH > 7.45
Paco2 < 35 mm Hg

Answer 21

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 22

Blood gas values:
pH > 7.45
HCO3- > 26 mEq/L

Answer 22

metalbolic alkalosis

Question 23

what is the major organ that regulates fluid and electrolyte balance

Answer 23

the kidney

Question 24

daily fluid intake in the adult must be at least ? to maintain homeostatsis

Answer 24

1500mL/day

Question 25

what are some common causes of fluid volume deficit

Answer 25

vomiting, diarrhea, gastric suction, wound and fistula drainage, and burn injuries

Question 26

signs of fluid volume excess are

Answer 26

weight gain, edema, elevated blood pressure, slow bounding pulse, and crackles in the lungs

Question 27

causes of edema include

Answer 27

kidney failure, heart failure, liver failure, and hormonal disorders

Question 28

what is the predominant electrolyte in the ECF

Answer 28

Sodium

Question 29

what is the predominant electrolyte in the ICF

Answer 29

potassium

Question 30

whenever a water imbalance exists, there will be an accompanying

Answer 30

sodium imbalance

Question 31

what is a frequent cause of hospitalization of the elderly

Answer 31

hyponatremia

Question 32

what is necessary to maintain homeostasis in the body

Answer 32

acid base balance

Question 33

normal serum pH is

Answer 33

7.35 - 7.45

Question 34

what are the three mechanisms that control the pH in the body

Answer 34

the blood buffer system, the lungs, and the kidneys

Question 35

an increase in hydrogen ions results in ? as evidenced by a decrease in pH.

Answer 35

acidosis

Question 36

there are two types of acidosis

Answer 36

respiratory and metabolic

Question 37

a decrease in hydrogen ions results in ? as evidence by an increase in pH.

Answer 37

alkalosis