Mod 9 DeWit Chap 25 Flashcards
what are the two largest constituents of the body fluids?
water and electrolytes
what are the four main functions of water in the body
1) act as a vehicle for the transportation of substances to and from the cells
2) aid heat regulation by providing perspiration, which evaporates
3) assist in maintenance of hydrogen (H+) balance in the body
4) serve as a medium for the enzymatic action of digestion
the greater the amount of fat the body contains..
the less the percentage of water it has because fat contains less water than other tissue
why can the infant be seriously affected by minor changes in their fluid balance?
because of its large body surface area compared with the body weight, loses more fluid through the skin than the adult. the kidneys are not as efficient as the adults and less fluid id reabsorbed.
why can the elder be seriously affected by minor changes in their fluid glance?
the elderly person has an age related decline in total body water, diminished thirst sensation, a decrease in urine concentrating ability of the kidney, and a decrease in effectiveness of antidiuretic hormone.
dehydration may cause ?
hypovolemia
if an excess of fluid volume is present in the body, ? may occur
hyPERvolemia
why is water critical to maintaining hemostats?
because water is the medium in which most metabolic and chemical reactions in the body take place. without sufficient water, cells cannot function and death results.
minerals or salts that are dissolved in body fluid. measured in milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)
electrolytes
Normal range for Sodium (Na+)
135-145 mEq/L
Normal range for Potassium (K+)
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
Normal range for Calcium (Ca++)
8.4 - 10.6 mg/dl
what are some medications for Hypercalcemia
furosemide (lasix), pamidronate (aredia), zoledronic acid (zometa), calcitonin
what are some medications for Hypocalcemia
IV calcium gluconate, PO calcium supplements, Aluminum dydrozide to bind phospate
Normal range for Magnesium
1.5 - 2.5 mEq/mL
Normal range for Chloride (Cl-)
96 - 106 mEq/L
greater the H+…
the more acidic the body <pH
lower the H+….
the more alkaline the body >pH
blood gas values:
pH 45 mm Hg
Respiratory acidosis
blood gas values:
pH < 7.35
HCO3- <22 mEq/L
Metabloic acidosis
Blood gas values:
pH > 7.45
Paco2 < 35 mm Hg
Respiratory alkalosis
Blood gas values:
pH > 7.45
HCO3- > 26 mEq/L
metalbolic alkalosis
what is the major organ that regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
the kidney
daily fluid intake in the adult must be at least ? to maintain homeostatsis
1500mL/day
what are some common causes of fluid volume deficit
vomiting, diarrhea, gastric suction, wound and fistula drainage, and burn injuries
signs of fluid volume excess are
weight gain, edema, elevated blood pressure, slow bounding pulse, and crackles in the lungs
causes of edema include
kidney failure, heart failure, liver failure, and hormonal disorders
what is the predominant electrolyte in the ECF
Sodium
what is the predominant electrolyte in the ICF
potassium
whenever a water imbalance exists, there will be an accompanying
sodium imbalance
what is a frequent cause of hospitalization of the elderly
hyponatremia
what is necessary to maintain homeostasis in the body
acid base balance
normal serum pH is
7.35 - 7.45
what are the three mechanisms that control the pH in the body
the blood buffer system, the lungs, and the kidneys
an increase in hydrogen ions results in ? as evidenced by a decrease in pH.
acidosis
there are two types of acidosis
respiratory and metabolic
a decrease in hydrogen ions results in ? as evidence by an increase in pH.
alkalosis
