Mod 9 Chap 6- W & H Flashcards
chemicals that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water. what are some examples?
electrolytes Ex: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, acid, and bases
do not conduct electricity. what are some examples?
nonelectroyltes ex; glucose and urea
is the water that surrounds the blody’s cells and includes lymph
interstitial fluid
the fluid within arteries, veins, and capillaires
intravascular fluid
fluids that are in specific compartments of the body, such as cerebrospinal fluid, digestive juices, and synovial fluid in joint
transcellular fluids
the primary control of water in the body is through ?
pressure sensors in the vascular system
what is a diuretic
substance that causes the kidneys to excrete more fluid
what is a ADH (antidiuretic)
what causes the kidneys to retina fluid
if fluid pressures within the vascular system decrease…
if fluid pressures increase….
more ADH is released and water is retained.
less ADH is released and the kidneys eliminate more water
how do fluids and electrolytes move in the body?
by active and passive transport systems
depends on the presence of adequate cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy
Active transport
no energy is expended specifically to move the substances. General body movements aid …
passive transport
what is the % water of Adults, elderly, and infants?
Adult - 60%
Elderly - less than 50%
Infants - 70-80%
Fluids and electrolytes move between which two fluids?
interstitial fluid and the intravascular fluid
what serves as a semipermeable membrane that allows water and smaller substances to move from the vascular system to the interstitial fluid, but keeps larger molecules and red blood cells inside the capillary walls
The capillaries
what term refers to the concentration of the substances in body fluid
osmolarity
Diffusion
substance moves from and area of HIGHer concentration to an area of LOWer concentration (coffee and creamer)
Filtration
movement of both water and smaller molecules through a semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
substance moves from area of LOWer concentration and an area of HIGHer concentration. aka- water-pulling pressure
the normally osmolarity of the blood is between
270-300 milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L)
when this solution is given to a pt, the water in the solution leaves the blood and other ECF areas and enters the cell. lower osmolarity than blood
hypotonic
When this solution is given to a pt, water leaves the cells and enters the bloodstream and other ECF spaces. grater osmotic pressure than blood
hypertonic
this solution has the same osmolarity as blood.
Isotonic
what are 4 reasons why water is very important to the body?
cellular metabolism, blood volume, body temperature regulation, solute transport
why are older adults more prone to fluid deficits?
because they have a diminished thirst reflex and their kidneys do not function as effectively.
why are infants at risk for fluid deficit?
because they take in and excrete a large proportion of their total body water each day
hypovolemia - when does it occur
loss of fluid from the body resulting in decreased blood volume
Occurs when the pt is hemorrhaging or when fluids from other parts of the body are lost.
what is “third spacing” and what are some examples
this process is when fluid from the intravascular space moves into the interstitial fluid space. EX: burns, liver cirrhosis, and extensive trauma
what is the most common result of fluid excess
hypovolemia
what are some conditions that can cause excessive fluid intake?
poorly controlled IV therapy, excessive irrigation of wounds or body cavities, excessive ingestion of water.
what are some conditions that can result in inadequate excretion of fluid?
renal (kidney) failure, heart failure, and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.
what are the vital sign changes of people with fluid excess? and some signs and symptoms.
blood pressure is elevated, pulse is bounding, and respirations are increased and shallow. Neck veins may become distended, and pitting edema in the feet and legs may be present. Skin is pale and cool.
what are the vital sign changes of people with dehydration? and some signs and symptoms
poor skin turgor, increased temperature(temp may not appear elevated in elderly pole because their temp is already lower) Urine output decreases and urine becomes more concentrated, weight loss
what results from acute fluid excess
congestive heart failure (as the fluid builds up in the heart, the heart is not able to properly function as a pump)
what is the adequate intake (AI) of sodium in
adults through age 49
those ages 50-70
those ages 71 and older
- 5 g daily
- 3 g daily
- 2 g daily
what determines whether a fluid is an acid or a base?
hydrogen
when do the cells of the body function best?
when the body fluids and electrolytes are within a very narrow range
? are formed as end products of glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. These are called fixed ? because they do not change once they are formed
acids
what are the strength of acids and bases measured by
the pH
0 - 6.99 =
7.01 - 14 =
acid
base, aka alkaline
what pH range is usually fatal
6.9 - 7.8
cellular buffers
Examples
act as..
- 1st attempt to return pH to normal
- Ex: proteins, hemoglobin, bicarbonate, phosphates,
- act as a type of sponge to “soak up” extra hydrogen ions if to many(acidic) or release ions if there are not enough (to alkaline)
The lungs
- 2nd line of defense to return pH to normal
- (When blood is to acidic Ph decreased) lungs “blow off” additional carbon diode through rapid deep breathing to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide
- when blood is too alkaline ph is increased) the lungs try to conserve carbon dioxide through shallow respirations
The kidneys
- slowest to respond to changes in serum pH - 24-48 hours
- regulating amount of bicarbonate(base)
- reabsorb additional bicarbonate rather than excreting it to help neutralize the acid
Normal pH, Pco2, and HCO3- values
pH - 7.35 - 7.45
Pco2 - 32 - 45mm Hg
PCO3- - 20-26 mEq/L
Respiratory acidosis
pH - less than 7.35
Pco2 - greater than 45mm Hg
PCO3- - normal
Respiratory alkalosis
pH - Greater than 7.45
Pco2 - Less than 32 (35 DeWitt) mm Hg
PCO3- - Normal
Metabolic acidosis
pH - Less than 7.35
Pco2 - normal
PCO3- - Less than 20 mEq/L
Metabolic alkalosis
pH - Greater than 7.45
Pco2 - normal
PCO3- - Greater than 26 mEq/L
when the serum pH level falls below 7.35 the pt has
acidosis because the blood becomes more acidic than normal
Too much acid or too little base in the body causes
acidosis
when the serum pH level increases about 7.45 the pt has
alkalosis because the blood becomes more alkaline or basic.
is caused by too little acid in the body or too much base
alkalosis
what is caused by hypoventilation usually as a result of an acute flare up of chronic respiratory disease, drugs, or neurologic problems that depress breathing
acute respiratory acidosis
what are some signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis
involve the central nervous system and the musculoskeletal system. mental status is altered, resulting in confusion, lethargy to stupor and coma. respirations become more depressed and shallow
results from to much acid in the body or too little bicarbonate in the body
metabolic acidosis
what are the two most common causes of metabolic acidosis resulting from increased fixed acids
diabetes mellitus and end stage renal failure
what pts are at high risk for experiencing metabolic acidosis
pts who experience severe diarrhea or prolonged intestinal suctions as a result of bicarbonate (base) lose
