mod 9

Question 1

globalization? global world roots?

Answer 1

• Globalization refers to the process of integrating nations and peoples —politically, economically, and culturally — into a larger global community.
  The global world, and in particular the global economy, has its roots in the beginnings of colonialism in the 16th century.

Question 2

colonialism?

Answer 2

• Colonialism, or the establishment of a colony in one territory by a political power from another territory, and the subsequent maintenance, expansion, and exploitation of that colony, is part of the broader concept of colonization or the process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its peoples and resources.

Question 3

indigenous people focus on what now?

Answer 3

this has had disastrous impacts on Indigenous understandings of gender and sexuality.
* A key focus for many Indigenous peoples today is decolonization or the act of getting rid of ongoing colonization, or freeing a nation from being dependent on a colonial power.

* As part of colonization, Indigenous children were removed from their families and communities and sent to residential schools, run for the most part by churches, in an attempt to “kill the Indian in the child”. 
* Missionization, or the imposition of Christian culture, has had a tragic and long-lasting impact on Indigenous ways of being and knowing.

Question 4

gender relations shift how bc of colonization?

Answer 4

gender relations in many parts of the world shifted from being egalitarian to being hierarchical with colonialism and later economic development efforts, resulting in women becoming marginalized and removed from positions of economic and political decision-making.

Question 5

Colonialism

Answer 5

The establishment of a colony in one territory by a political power from another territory, and the subsequent maintenance, expansion, and exploitation of that colony.

Question 6

Colonization

Answer 6

A process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its peoples and resources. Compare with Colonialism.

Question 7

Culture contact

Answer 7

The diffusion of ideas from one society to another, and an important source of change in sex/gender ideologies and identities.

Question 8

Decolonization

Answer 8

The act of getting rid of colonization, or freeing a nation from being dependent on a colonial power.

Question 9

Development

Answer 9

Planned cultural change, usually directed from the outside. Often referred to as economic development or international development.

Question 10

Globalization

Answer 10

The process of integrating nations and peoples–politically, economically, and culturally–into a larger global community.

Question 11

Missionization

Answer 11

The imposition of Christian culture. Historically associated with Colonization.

Question 12

Modernization

Answer 12

An ethnocentric Western notion of culture change that is driven by forces of global political economy, which makes other cultures more like the “West” (i.e., “modern”).

Question 13

a) When Western European countries began colonizing populations in Asia, Africa and the Americas, what were two foci of this process?

Answer 13

Part of this process involved the extraction of raw materials such as gold,
sugar, rubber, and coffee, and the exploitation of the labour of indigenous
populations for the profit of the colonizing nations

Question 14

In the late 20th century, what imbalanced relationship emerged?

Answer 14

n the early twenty first century, an imbalanced relationship between the
countries of the industrial, “or developed”, world and the developing, or
Third World, remains.

Question 15

c) What are the two opposing views concerning the impact on women of the continuing penetration of capitalism and integration into the global economy?

Answer 15

In a review of studies on women and modernization, describe a minority
position suggesting that women in the Third World are downtrodden and
that capitalist development can help them improve their situation. Those who hold this opinion emphasize that women’s economic and social status
can be enhanced by an increase in female labour-force participation.
Another perspective, stimulated by Ester Boserup’s argument that in the
course of economic development women experience a decline in their
relative status within agriculture, suggests that culture contact, colonialism,
and development have introduced “ a structure and ideology of male
domination”

Question 16

a) Has the impact of culture contact and colonialism on the lives of women in the developing world been uniform?

Answer 16

no

Question 17

In terms of gender, what has been one cultural imposition with colonialism?

Answer 17

The colonial period did not diminish the economic power of women in I
Trobriand Islands in Melanesia because no one ever knew that banana
leaves have economic value. Women’s wealth withstood a # of western
incursions and, as a result, “served to integrate new kinds of Western
wealth, as well as individual economic growth, into the traditional
system”* ** idk if its right p406 Paragraph #1

Question 18

c) How does this continue to influence economic development programs in the “third world”?

Answer 18

Programs designed to stimulate economic development in Third World
societies have often continued to perpetuate Western gender biases related
to the decision of labour, particularly the definition of men as breadwinners
and women as homemakers. ** idk if its right p406 paragraph#3

Question 19

a) In regards to agribusiness and multinational industrial production, outline the range of phenomena that make female labor attractive to multinational business and industry.

Answer 19

“Women’s socialization, training in needlework, embroidery and other
domestic crafts, and supposedly “natural” aptitude for detailed handiwork,
gives them an advantage over men in tasks requiring high levels of manual
dexterity and accuracy; women are also supposedly more passive willing
to accept authority and less likely to become involved in labour conflicts.
Finally, women have the added advantage of ‘natural disposability’ — when
they leave to get married or have children, a factory temporarily cutting
back on production simply freezes their post” p406 bottom

Question 20

What are the two opposing views about the effect of multinationals on the lives of women?

Answer 20

some emphasize the benefits of jobs that provide women with greater financial stability, while others see multinationals perpetuating or even creating new forms of inequality as they introduce young women to a new
set of individualist and consumerist value

Question 21

a) Define microfinance

Question 22

b) What is the foundational assumption of microfinance?

Question 23

c) Briefly describe the promises of microfinance beyond the goal of increasing economic resilience and decreasing material poverty.

Question 24

a) As discussed in the section “Gender and work in Quito”, what precludes other options for generating an income that is substantial enough to offer sustainable support for a household?

Question 25

b) Despite a cultural ideal of a male breadwinner, what is often necessary for household survival?

Question 26

c) What must the demand for increased income coming from the work of women be merged with?

Question 27

d) What opportunities may women lose when they take on the responsibilities of wife and mother?

Question 28

a) As discussed in the section “Male authority and the household head”, who exercises the most concrete levels of authority in the family?

Question 29

b) How are men (in the context of this study) more privileged in ways that women are not?

Question 30

c) Briefly describe the privileges of being head of the household.

Question 31

d) Briefly describe the working conditions (occupation, income) of households that tend to have a more egalitarian distribution of power and more flexible gender roles.

Question 32

b) Briefly describe the primary investments of profits.

Question 33

c) Are the primary destinations for earnings different for men and women?

Question 34

a) As discussed in the section “Male and female agendas and aspirations: are they so different?”, according to the narrative of microfinance, who are the supposedly primary beneficiaries of microloans given to women?

Question 35

b) Who is likely to focus on their children when discussing their future aspirations?

Question 36

c) What is the most common goal?

Question 37

d) Briefly outline the other goals aiming to improve their family’s quality of life

Question 38

How do the female workers transform their workplace into an inside domestic
space?

Answer 38

Thus, they transform the workshop floor into an interior space, recast
factory staff into family, and operate in the factory as they would in the
household.
female workers in the Moroccan garment industry”, Moroccan gender ideology is reproduced in the factory as home model through
a. the perception of the factory owner as father, with complete authority.
b. the concrete structure of the factory being monitored by a male guardian, keeping women protected from view and separate from males.

Question 39

How is this played out in the physical structure of the factory itself?

Answer 39

There are limits to the workers’ re-creation of the factory: for Moroccan
females, the garment factory is a new kind of public space with
characteristics unlike the private arena of the home. In some instances,
workers find that their efforts to impose the blueprint of home and family
on the factory fall short and they confront what they recognize to be foreign
work regimes and excessive domination.

Question 40

a) How do the workers view their position in the factory?

Question 41

b) How does this translate to the role of the factory owners?

Question 42

To the role of other female workers and supervisors?

Question 43

3. What aspects of Moroccan gender ideology are reproduced in the “factory as home” model?

Answer 43

in the acceptance by female garment workers of factory hierarchies by their understanding of, and reverence for, the patriarchal family and the gender order it endorses.