mod 8 review Flashcards
Outline Engel’s argument for the relationship between the rise of the state and the subordination of women.
E ngel’s argues that the emergence of the concept of private property and its ownership by men, as well as the development of a monogamous family, led to the subordination of women
How did Leacock (1973) build on Engle’s argument?
“There is sufficient evidence at hand to support in its broad outlines Engels’ argument that the position of women relative to men deteriorated with the advent of class society”. Following Engels, Leacock observes that in early communal society, the division of labour between the sexes was reciprocal, and a wife and her children were not dependent on the husband. The distinction did not exist between a public world of men’s work and a private world of women’s household service. The large collective household was the community, both sexes produced goods necessary for livelihood.
In a reanalysis of Engels’ argument, what did Sacks (1982) base the deterioration of women’s status on?
Sacks links state formation and the decline in the centrality of kinship groups to the deterioration in the women’s status
Briefly explain the ideology associating purity of women and the honour or status of the family.
Ortner examines the process of state formation, with particular regard to its
effect on gender ideology. She analyzes the widespread ideology that
associates the purity of women with the honor and status of their families.
This pattern is evident in Latin America and the Mediterranean, and in
societies of the Middle East, India and China
In what context do all modern cases occur?
a ll modern cases of societies concerned with female purity occur in states or
systems with highly developed stratification, and they bear the cultural
ideologies and religions that were part of the emergence of these states.
Define hypergamy.
Up-status marriage, usually between higher-status men and lower-status women.
How may hypergamy transform marriage within a society?
Ortner suggests that a significant development in stratified society involves the transformation of marriage from an essentially equal transaction to a potentially vertical one, were one’s sister or daughter could presumably marry into a higher social milieu.
How may hypergamy help to explain the ideal of female purity?
ypergamy may help explain the ideal of female purity because concepts of purity and virginity may symbolize the value of a girl for a higher-status spouse. “a virgin is an elite female among females, withheld, untouched, exclusive”`
What dilemma did feminists in France face with women who claimed to choose to wear Islamic headscarves (i.e., same as their historic struggle with the Catholic Church)?
They faced a dilemma: feminism in France, as elsewhere, had championed a woman’s right to choose how to treat her own body, so what could be said to Muslim women who claimed to choose to wear Islamic headscarves.
dentify the three claims underlying the objections to public wearing of Islamic scarves in France.
some expressed concern that boys would place pressure on girls to don scarves
#2 others argued that the scarves had becomes signs of political Islam
#3 still others claimed that the scarf stood for the oppression of women.
In terms of “why wear head scarves”, what are the two major motives for wearing a headscarf?
Some wore a headscarf as a way to satisfy their parents and ease their transition across the line of puberty and into late adolescence.
In what two ways did some distinguish how to wear a headscarf?
#1 Defining themselves in Islamic terms
#2 entering the world of postsecondary education and work
n terms of “charging sexual oppression”, what is the main underlying claim of those in favor of restricting women’s clothing (i.e., what does the headscarf mean to them)?
Some claim the headscarf has the objective meaning of oppression.
Identify the three distinct claims of proponents of a law to restrict the headscarf (the viole).
#1 Schoolgirls were pressured by men and boys to wear the voile
#2 the voile intrinsically attacked the dignity and the equal status of women
#3 and it encouraged violence against women living in poor suburbs.
In 2008, some officials moved from condemning the headscarf in public spaces to condemning certain putative values shared by some Muslims. In this regard, what two arguments were pushed forward by two of France’s highest tribunals?
They argued, first, that covering the face “misrecognizes the minimal requirements of living in society” and, second, that those women who decide to wear a face veil “find themselves placed in a situation of exclusion and inferiority clearly incompatible with the constitutional principles of freedom and equality”
Why was the Moroccan woman refused French nationality (i.e., what was her “assimilation defect”)?
On the grounds that her religious practices had led her to hold values that
ran counter to the equality of men and women and caused her to suffer
from the insufficient assimilation to become a French citizen: she had
“assimilation defect”
Briefly outline the two arguments for a ban of the wearing of a face veil in public.
They argued, first, that covering the face “misrecognizes the minimal
requirements of living in society” and, second, that those women who decide
to wear a face veil “find themselves placed in a situation of exclusion and
inferiority clearly incompatible with the constitutional principles of
freedom and equality”
n regards to the term “female genital mutilation”, what is the author’s concern about using the term mutilation?
It invokes the connotation of intentional harm
What may the different forms of female genital cutting (FGC) reflect?
Family, sociocultural context, religious obligations,
At what age do girls typically undergo genital cutting?
4-8
Identify the four categories of female genital cutting (FGC) defined by the World Health Organization.
Clitorectomy
Excision
Infibulstion/reinfublation
Other variations / type IV- things like vaginoplasty
