Mod 7 Flashcards
Louis Pasteur experiment outline
- Boil flask to kill pre-existing microorganisms
- Let it sit.
- When shaken and glass broken → the dust and microbes suspended in the air soured the solution.
‘Father of the germ theory:’ the idea that infectious diseases are caused by microscopic pathogens.
Proved microorganisms to live in air using a swan neck bottle flask.
Koch’s Postulates
Developed a set of protocols for proving the pathogens responsible for a given disease (no longer used practically).
- The microbe must be found in abundance in those suffering the disease and be absent in healthy individuals.
- The microbe must be isolated from a diseased individual and grown in a laboratory culture.
- The cultured microbe must cause disease if introduced into healthy individuals.
- When are-isolated from the experimental host, the microbe must remain identical to the originally isolated microbe.
Plant disease effects on Australia
Australia’s agriculture sector contributes to 3% of the country’s gross domestic product.
70% exported: Produce highly sought after.
Australia is FREE from…
Foot and mouth disease: hooved animals.
Fire bite: fruit markets.
The spontaneous generation of life theory
The theory that life could spontaneously arise from nonliving matter.
Disproven by Pasteur in 1862.
Vector transmissions
- indirect transmission
This occurs through arthropods or infected aquatic species that bites the individual or that is consumed by the individual.
Responsible for 17% of infectious diseases in humans.
Arthropods: Mosquitoes, flies, ticks, fleas, sandflies.
Mammals: Fruit flies, pigs.
Local factors of disease spread control
waste disposal, overcrowding, poor communication/road netwroks, animal husbandry practices, local cultural beliefs.
Regional factors of disease spread control
Geographical factor
Coastal regions
Increased trade of fresh food
Seasonal variations
Global factors of disease spread control
Refugee populations: Experience trauma, food insecurity, overcrowding, lack of basic health care, vaccinations alongside the limited health examinations conducted pre-migration.
Misuse of antibiotics: Rise in resistant bacteria, threatening global control
Communication
Effect of globalization on the spread of pathogens.
WHO: new diseases are emerging at an unprecedented rate due to globalization and increasing population numbers.
Since 1967: 39 new pathogens have been identified.
Antivirals
Used to control viral infections by inhibiting the virus development inside infected cells by inactivating its ability to envelope proteins, attach to host cells and replicate. HIV/AIDS Herpes Influenza Hepatitis B and C
Cons of antivirals
Is NOT curative.
Have greater efficiency if taken early on within treatment.
The high mutation rates of viruses → drug resistance.
Pharmaceutical companies that develop the drugs have an monopoly on the market → $$$$
Antibiotics
to kill the bacteria by interfering with the formation of the cell membrane, cell wall, and cell contents by interfering with DNA replication and other metabolic processes.
Penicillin
Cephalosporins.
Antibiotics pros and cons
Discovery of penicillin can be considered one of the greatest human discoveries.
Est. 200 million lives have been saved from penicillin.
Cell structures allow more easy targets.
Target can be wide or narrow.
Exclusive to bacteria.
Allergon
Can have side effects: nausea, diarrhea.
Antibiotic resistance due to the overuse.
Define epidemic
An outbreak of an infectious disease that spreads rapidly among individuals in a defined area or population.
Ebola 2013 - 2016.
Define pandemic
Typically the spread of a new disease across a continent or globe.
1918: Spanish flu.
