Mod 6 Flashcards
Define mutation caused by “direct effects”
An ionisation of DNA Molecules; causing a sugar phosphate backbone to break or a nitrogenous base to change so that it does not coincide with its complementary base.
Define mutation caused by “indirect effects”
whereby a mutagen ionises other molecules in a cell, allowing free radicals to interact and form compounds that ultimately damage DNA.
Outline cellular, individual and population effects of mutation
CELLULAR somatic mutation
INDIVIDUAL Phenotypic change, physical, behaviour, biochemical, physiological –> beneficial, harmful, neutral.
POPULATION: Germ-line mutation, speciation, basis of evolution, continuity, increases gene pool.
Define natural mutagen and outline types.
mutagens that occur at a normal level within natural environments.
Biological: eg. End of metabolism products: Eg. nitrosamines: form in the stomach when certain foods are eaten in combination → combine into a carcinogen.
Nonbiological: Mercury: Cause sugar phosphate backbone to break Inhibit the DNA repair enzymes.
Different types of mutagens and categories
Chemical mutagens: ingested and environmental
Naturally occurring mutagens: biological and non biological, er radiation,
Effect of EMR mutagens and example.
X rays: shorter wavelengths enter in cell and interfere with the DNA in the nucleus causing chemical compositions to change such as the bonds to break, cellular division to be impaired and metabolism.
MM: mutation, gene flow and gene drift effect on gene pool
GENE POOL: ALLELES IN POP, GENE DIVERSITY
MUTATION: source, frequency
GENE FLOW immigration / migration / gain or lose / similarity
GENE DRIFT: Pronounced effect on small pop; founder effect, bottleneck effect.
Difference between somatic and germlines mutations with examples
Somatic cells are nonreproductive cells that are not inherited, only affecting the individual whereas germline cells derive from gametes, having the potential to affect ALL cells and being heritable.
Somatic: tumors
Germline: sickle cell anemia
Down syndrome case study
Nondisjunction causing Aneuploidy
-Meisosis 1
- Down Syndrome - extra chromosome 21
- 0.1% live births worldwide.
Likelihood increases along with age of mother
- More commonly occurs during egg formation as opposed to sperm formation.
- ## experience cognitive delays, characteristic facial appearance.
Difference between chromosomal mutations and genetic mutations
Genetic mutation is a small scale gene: frameshift mutations and point mutations, —> polymorphisms.
Chromosomal mutations are more large scale: structural or numerical changes —> rearrangement of large portions of DNA.
Aboriginal use of biotechnology
Aqua culture
Eel traps among water systems of western NSW.
Built connection between previously existing water systems.
Examples of agricultural problems that have occurred from gene cloning.
Potatoe famine in Ireland: attempted to feed their growing population through cloning the ‘lumper’ potatoes - having low genetic variation, all of which susceptible to ‘potato blight’ fungus.
1845
Effectiveness of whole organism cloning with example.
- not strictly identical, subject to environmental factors that influence gene expression.
- Mitochondrial DNA is different
- It to 2007 times to create Dolly who died early.
Recombinant DNA technology example
- production of insulin: revolutionised the diabetes treatment.
- uses HUMAN host cell, restriction enzymes, plasmids, ligase as opposed to previous animal hormones that led to serve immune reactions.
Cons of artificial insemination
time consuming, expensive equipmnet, can injure female if incorrectly done, reduction in genetic variation, genetic composition: chosen for the needs of the consumer NOT the wellbeing of the species.
