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Biology > Mod 5 > Flashcards

Mod 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define fertilisation

A

union of male and female gametes.

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2
Q

Haploid

A

male and female gametes unite to produce genetically unique diploid (2n) offspring.

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3
Q

(n)

A

A haploid

n = 23

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4
Q

Zygote

A

A diploid.

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5
Q

The characteristic amount of chromosones in humans cells.

A

46

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6
Q

Meiosis

A

the cell division that is the mechanism that ensures each parent contributes only half the genetic information required.
When it divides, it contains only ONE SET of chromosomes.

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7
Q

Plants asexual reproduction method examples

A

BULBS: onion

  • underground bud cells
  • short stem surrounded by leaves

RUNNERS: strawberries

  • side chains
  • A stem that extends from the plant along the soil.
  • Allows the formation of a new plant in another area.
  • eg. Strawberries.
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8
Q

Fungi reproduction method examples

A

BUDDING: yeast

  • A bulge forms from the side of a cell and detaches after the nucleus divides
  • An asexual spore genetically indenticle to the parent is formed.

SPORES
- undergo mitotic division to produce the multicellular organism.

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9
Q

Bacteria reproduction method examples

A

BINARY FUSSION:‘Thermus bacteria’

A single cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

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10
Q

Difference between ovarian cycle and Menstrual cycle.

A

Ovarian Cycle: Governs the release of an egg.

Menstrual cycle: Governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining.

BOTH: 28 days, involved in the hormonal control during pregnancy.

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11
Q

Role of hormones during pregnancy

A

Hormones…
Provide an ideal environment for pregnancy; important for growth and long term health.
Prevent overgrowth.
Inhibit fetus growth (at particular stages).

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12
Q

Role of mitosis

A
  • Growth in multicellular organisms.
  • Repair & replacement of damaged cells.
  • Asexual reproduction purposes.
  • Genetic stability: (equal distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells.)
  • Replication of bodily cells.
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13
Q

Site of mitosis

A

Stem cells: specialised cells CANNOT undergo mitosis, thus they rely on stem cells. For example: plant guard cells, stomata, cells involved in the human nervous system cannot duplicate themselves.

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14
Q

Stages in mitosis

A
  • (interphase)
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
  • cytokinesis
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15
Q

Chromosomes

A

A long DNA molecule coiled tightly to store genetic information.

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16
Q

Sister chromatids

A

2 copies of a single chromosome, being genetically identical. Held together by a centrosome.

17
Q

Chromatid

A

Either of the two daughter cells of the duplicated chromosomes joined by a centriole

18
Q

Spindle fibres

A

Cytoskeleton/protein structures that divide genetic material.

19
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Reduction division in cells to produce gametes.
  • Produces haploid cells: 4 non-identical cells.
  • Contains half the needed amount of chromosomes.
20
Q

Meiosis role

A

In sexual reproduction
Ensure the needed number of chromosomes is maintained.
Introduces genetic variation: the law of independent assortment, crossing over.

21
Q

(list) the role of cell replication in the continuity of a species

A

Genetic stability: lineage of desirable traits.

Genetic variation: the opportunity for mutation, survival advantages, crossing ver.

22
Q

Rosalin Franklin

A

Determined the double helix structure of DNA
Ran antiparallel.
Used crystallography techniques such as Xray to show DNA to be a spiral.
Was not credited.

23
Q

(list) Watson and Crick Discoveries

A
  • Nucleotide bonding & pairing.
  • Nucleotide composition
  • DNA replication
24
Q

Steps in DNA replication & enzyme

A
  • Initiation: helicase
  • Elongation: RNA primer, DNA polymerase
  • Termination: DNA polymerase, terminator.
25
Q

DNA:

A

double-stranded twisted helix that holds all the genetic information necessary for CELLULAR FUNCTION, GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT.

26
Q

Role of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA

A

Produce proteins required for function.

27
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

mtDNA = mitochondrial DNA
Holds DNA separate from nucleic DNA.
Double-stranded, circular molecule, NO introns.
Contains 37 genes.
More consistent, undergoes less change than nucleic DNA
HIGH lineage.
Replicate own DNA

28
Q

Introns

A

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

29
Q

Chloroplast DNA

A

cpDNA = chloroplast DNA.
Double stranded, circular molecule, NO introns.
Contains up to 150 different genes.
Replicate your own DNA.

30
Q

Amino acids

A

Amino acids: building block for proteins

31
Q

Define gene expression and environmental factors that affect it.

A

the use of information provided by a gene to produce a protein.
Womb
Diet
Climate
Surroundings
Disease
Example: any differences observed in identical twins are due to environmental factors.

32
Q

Similarities between meiosis and mitosis

A

Both break down nucleic material to from spindles
The phases are named the same
Both undergo interphase
The transformation of chromatin material to chromosomes during prophase is the same.

33
Q

Mendles laws

A

Autosomal inheritance: the genotype of a trait is affected by 2 genes, equally as likely to be inherited by either parent.

  1. dominance and segregation: Recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant alleles
  2. the law in independent assortment: The alleles of two or more different genes are sorted into gametes separately from one another, being influenced by previous gametes received.
    Eg. mendel: the pea plants crossed different pairs of patterns eg (tall/short, yellow/green).
34
Q

(list) deviations to mendles law with examples

A
  1. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE: red and white snapdragons produce pink offspring.
  2. CODOMINANCE: pure red cow, pure white cow → roan cow (speckled)
  3. MULTIPLE ALLELES: 3 types of human blood: A, B, O
    Different types of antigens.
  4. SEX LINKAGE: The genes for red-green color vision are found on the X chromosome.
35
Q

Sex linkage

A

The genes carried on the X and Y chromosomes code for characteristics other than the gender of the individual.
2 of the 46 chromones are sex chromosomes.
Most sex link traits tend to be on the X chromosome.

36
Q

Polymermase chain reaction

A

A technique used to amplify large numbers of copies of a particular DNA sequence using the theory that all life contains material that is unique to the species.
Individuals within a species contain unique genetic sequences.

37
Q

Polymerase Chain reaction use

A 
Genetic testing. 
Medical diagnosis.
DNA fingerprinting. 
Cloning.
Evolutionary study.
38
Q

Multiregional theory evidence

A

Fossils found outside of Africa date before the proposed second wave.
Skeleton ‘Mungo man’ is not descended from mitochondrial Eve but is anatomically identical to H. Sapiens.

39
Q

Out of Africa evidence

A

mtDNA molecular clock evidence suggests maternal inheritance from African Eve.
The greatest variety in mtDNA is in Africa. - other population groups only contain a subset of diversity.

Biology (9 decks)

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