Mod 6 Flashcards
first year of life
Infancy
Time period of infancy
Perinatal period
Early neonatal period
Late neonatal period
Post-neonatal period
born before 37 completed weeks (<259 days)
pre-term
term baby is a neonate born between 37 and 42 weeks of pregnancies (259-294 reyes)
term baby
Neonate born before 37 completed weeks
Post neonatal period
Factors affecting infant health
mother’s health
mother’s health behavior prior to and during pregnancy,
mother’s level of prenatal care, quality of mother’s delivery and infant’s environment after birth
medical doctor who specializes in the care of newborn children up to two months of age
neonatologist
death of a child under one year of age.
Infant Mortality or Infant Death
deaths that occur during the first 28 days after birth.
Neonatal mortality
most common causes of neonatal mortality
disorders related to short gestation (premature births), low birth weight, and congenital birth defects.
death that occur between 28 days and 365 days after birth.
Post-neonatal mortality
Most common causes of Post-neonatal mortality
sudden infant death syndrome and congenital birth defects.
Babies who are born preterm have less developed organs
Premature Births
KNOWN MAJOR RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRETERM LABOR AND BIRTH
Woman’s past history of preterm delivery
Multiple fetuses
Late or no prenatal care
Cigarette smoking
Drinking alcohol
Using illegal drugs
Exposure to domestic violence
Lack of social support
Low income
Diabetes
Anemia
High blood pressure
Obesity
babies that weigh less than 2,500 grams, or about 5.5 pounds at birth
Low birth weight infants
Factors affecting infant birth weight
duration of gestation (ex.Premature births)
intrauterine growth
Cigarette smoking
Heavy maternal alcohol consumption can lead to a condition known
fetal alcohol syndrome
(FAS)
fetal alcohol syndrome
(FAS) abnormalities include
growth retardation,
abnormal appearance of face and head,
deficits of central nervous system function, including mental retardation
Drug use can also result in
impaired fetal growth that can lead to congenital defects
can cause genital and urinary tract malformations in the baby and marijuana that increases risk of birth defects.
crack
Exclusive breastfeeding until ___ months is recommended.
6
sudden unanticipated death of an infant
there is no recognizable cause of death.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
concerned with all aspects of children’s growth and development. It is also involves
the prevention of diseases and death in the first decade of life
Child Health
most severe measure of health in children, with unintentional injuries as the leading cause.
Child Mortality
can be due to unintentional injuries, child maltreatment and infectious diseases.
Childhood morbidity
most vaccine preventable diseases early in life
4 doses of the diphtheria, tetanus
pertussis (DTP) vaccine
≥ 3 doses of polio vaccine
≥ 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine
≥ 3 doses of Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) vaccine
hepatitis B vaccine
hepatitis B vaccine
varicella(chickenpox) vaccine
overall goal is to improve the survival, health and well-being of mothers and unborn through a package of services all throughout the course of and before pregnancy.
Maternal Health Program
created to demonstrate in selected sites, a sustainable, cost-effective model of delivering health services access of disadvantaged women
Safe Motherhood Program
establish the core knowledge base and support systems that can facilitate countrywide replication of project experience as part of mainstream approaches to reproductive health care within the the ____ framework.
SAFE MOTHERHOOD PROGRAM;
Kalusugan Pangkalahatan
to reverse the disturbing trends in infant and young child feeding practices.
Infant and Young Child Feeding
Infant and Young Child Feeding was endorsed by the
55th World Health Assembly in May 2002 and by the UNICEF Executive Board in September 2002 respectively.
established in 1976 to ensure that infants/children and mothers have access to routinely recommended infant/childhood vaccines.
Expanded Program on Immunization
Six vaccine- preventable diseases were initially included in the EPI:
tuberculosis
poliomyelitis
diphtheria
tetanus
pertussis
measles
aimed at the early identification of
infants who are affected by certain genetic/metabolic/infectious conditions
Newborn screening (NBS)
Five conditions are currently screened in Newborn screening (NBS)
Congenital Hypothyroidism, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Phenylketonuria, Galactosemia, and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Congenital Hypothyroidism if not screened
Severe Mental Retardation
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia if not screened
Death
Galactosemia if not screened
Death or Cataract
Phenylketonuria if not screened
Severe Mental retardation
G6PD Deficiency if not screened
Severe Anemia, Kernicterus
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Death
major transition during which adolescents learn to become adult
Adolescence
bulk of morbidity and mortality in adulthood is due to the
health related behaviors (smoking, alcohol, exercise and diet) developed during the adolescence.
Adolescence came from Latin word ___ which means ___
adolescere
‘to grow to maturity
includes individuals with ages 15 to 24 years old.
Adolescence
adolescence has been divided into two phases:
early’ (10-14 years)
late’ (15-19 years)
It is characterized by marked morphological changes that occur along with hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system maturation.
Growth and development
this period should be provided since the adolescents have greater nutritional requirements because of rapid growth and physical activity level.
Nutritional and psychosocial needs
largest source of premature morbidity and mortality and the leading cause of death among adolescents 10-19 years of age.
Unintentional Injuries
condition characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with drinking, and continued alcohol consumption despite its adverse effects.
Alcoholism
Commonly abused substances in the Philippines
methamphetamine hydrochloride
Cannabis sativa
inhalants
harmful effects to the brain.
Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine abusers experience
reduced motor skills
impaired verbal learning
weight loss
dental problems (“meth mouth”)
anxiety
confusion
insomnia
mood disturbances
violent behavior
impairs ability to form new memories and to shift focus.
Cannabis sativa
disrupts coordination, balance and reaction time
Cannabis sativa
reduces a person’s capacity to learn, carry out complicated tasks, participate in sports, driving
Chronic cannabis
temporary effects of inhalants
Surring of speech
lack of coordination
euphoria
dizziness
lightheadedness
hallucinations
delusions.
Some irreversible effects inhalants
are hearing loss
limb spasms
CNS damage
bone marrow damage
one of the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents.
Depression
second leading cause of death in adolescents
Suicide
can increase the risk of developing mental health problems (other factors)
Violence, poverty, humiliation and feeling devalued
geared towards building life skills in children and adolescents and providing them with psychosocial support in schools and other community settings
Prevention programs
Risk factors associated with Infant Death
Premature Births
Low Birth Weight
Cigarette Smoking
Alcohol and other drugs
Breastfeeding
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
COMMUNITY PROGRAM FOR WOMEN, INFANTS AND CHILDREN
MATERNAL HEALTH PROGRAM
SAFE MOTHERHOOD PROGRAM
INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING
EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION
HEALTH PROFILE OF ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS
Violence
Unintentional Injuries
Tobacco Use
Alcohol and Other Drugs
Mental health
Prevention programs
Sexual Behavior
Behavior Related Health Problems
Alcohol Smoking and Drugs
Dietary Habits
Sexual Behavior
Risk Taking Behavior
It provides comprehensive implementation guidelines for youth-friendly comprehensive health care and services on multiple levels—national, regional, provincial/city, and municipal
Adolescent and Youth Health Program (AYHP)
When was the Adolescent and Youth Health Program (AYHP) established?
2001 by the Department of Health
employs strategies to ensure integration of the program into the health care system and the broader society by building a supportive policy environment
Adolescent and Youth Health Program (AYHP)
program also aims to address sexual and reproductive health issues by adopting gender-sensitive approaches.
Adolescent and Youth Health Program (AYHP)
Health Objectives of the AYHP
reducing morbidity and mortality
eliminating unwanted pregnancy / abortion / STIs
eliminating disabilities and accidents
promoting general health and development and providing quality adolescent & youth -friendly health programs and services.
Top Ten Causes of Death among 10-24 years old, 2003:
- Assault
- Transport Accidents
- Event of undetermined intent
- Symptoms, signs & abnormal clinical findings not elsewhere classified
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis of the Respiratory System
- Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease
- Accidental drowning and submersion
- Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis
- Other accidents & late effects of transport/other accidents
Factors Causing Threats to Adolescents Health
Socio-Cultural Factors
Political and Economic Factors ,Marginalization and Poverty
Technological Factors
Common infections, physical abuse or assault, sexual exploitation, drug use, road accidents
Young among the street-dwellers
High risk behavior; smoking, alcohol use, drug abuse, high risk sexual behavior, risky work conditions leading to injuries and diseases
Out- of- school adolescents and youth
High risk behavior; transport accidents , other inflicted injuries
Urban –based male youth
Sexual abuse, sexual exploitation , unwanted pregnancies, abortion, unsafe pregnancy and insecure motherhood
Female adolescents
Nutritional disorders, substance use and risky sexual behavior, other inflicted injuries
Not living with parents or family
individuals aged 25 to 64 years old.
Adults
include most of those in society who are economically productive, biologically reproductive, and responsible for the support of children and elderly dependents.
Adults
The health profile of this age group is characterized primarily by mortality from chronic diseases stemming from poor health behaviors impacted by health-detracting environments, as well as the health behaviors, events, and exposures experienced during the earlier years of life.
Adults
cause of a majority of cases of lung cancer and exacerbates many other diseases, such as lung diseases, diabetes, cancer, and diseases and conditions of the cardiovascular system including hypertension, blood clots, high cholesterol, and stroke.
Smoking
Risk factors for chronic disease
smoking, lack of exercise, failure to maintain an appropriate body weight and alcohol consumption
increases one’s chances of a number of health problems, including heart disease, some cancers, hypertension, elevated blood cholesterol, diabetes, stroke and gallbladder disease.
The lack of exercise along with obesity
Examples of alcohol related health problems
Examples of alcohol related health problems a
increases the rates of homicide, suicide, family violence, and unintentional injuries such as those from motor vehicle crashes, boating incidents, and falls.
Alcohol
has the most notable and rapid pace of population ageing, both in terms of the numbers of older people and the older population’s share of the total population.
Asia
phenomenon indicated by a
steady increase in the number and proportion of the elderly and a
corresponding decline in the proportion of younger age groups
Population ageing
increase in life expectancy, mortality reduction and fertility reduction that are brought about by advances in
medical technology and medical care as well as the improved socio-economic conditions
the last census, in 2015, a third of the country’s population was
below 15 years old, with merely 8% aged 60 years and over
fastest-growing sector of the Philippine population, with the trend expected to hold.
older population
In 2000– 2010, Filipinos aged 60 and over had the highest growth rate at
3.2%
In 2000– 2010, age group 15–59 and children (below 15) had growing rates at
2.0%
0.9%
State of being old.
Aged
Aged for for social or legislative policies
65
Aged used physiological evaluations.
75
young old age
65–74 years old
the “old old” age
75 years old and over
“oldest old” that makes up the fastest growing segment of the elder population
85 years old and over
changes that occur normally in plants and animals as they grow older is term as
ageing
The study of aging from the broadest perspective is called
gerontology
examine not only the chemical and biological aspects of aging, but also psychosocial, economic, and historical conditions
Gerontologists
first used the term geriatrics (?} in 1903 to describe the biological study of senescence.
Elie Merchmkoff
branch of medicine that deals with the structural changes, physiology, diseases, and hygiene of old age.
Geriatrics
DEMOGRAPHY OF AGING
Size and growth of the Older Adult Population in the Philippines
Factors that affect the population size and age
Support and labor-force ratios
the older population of 60 years and above are expected to increase by ___ and 80 years and older by ___ from 2010 to 2030.
4.2%
0.4%
the life expectancy of Filipinos is ___ years for the males and ___ years for the females in 2017;
57.4
63.2
fertility rate of women in the Philippines
2.64 children per women
Mortality rate of men and women in the Philippines
259 per 1000 and 133 per 1000 respectively in 2017.
crude death rate of the Philippines in 2017
5.8 per 1000 people
Life expectancy for male and female Filipinos is
66.2 and 72.6 a total of 69.3
years
a comparison between those individuals whom society considers economically unproductive and those it considers economically productive
Dependency ratio
the nonworking or dependent population)
Unproductive
the working population
productive
Age of productive population
19-64
Age of unproductive population
(0–19 years old) and old (65+ years)
ratio includes both youth and old
Total dependency ratio
only the youth are compared to the productive group.
Youth dependency ratio
only the old are compared to the productive group
calculated by adding the number of youth and old, divided by the number of persons 20 to 64 years, times 100
total dependency ratio (DR)
based on the number of people who are actually working and those who are not, independent of their ages.
Labor-force ratios
Other demographic variables of aging
Marital Status
Living Arrangements
Racial and Ethnic Composition
Geographical Location
Economic Status
Education
Housing
The top causes of death in the Philippines were
heart disease, diseases of the vascular system, cancers, pneumonia and accidents.
characterized by the waning of infectious and acute diseases and the emerging importance of chronic and degenerative diseases.
Epidemiologic transition
High death rates from infectious diseases are commonly associated with
poverty, poor diets, and limited infrastructure found in developing countries.
The primary impairments are sensory impairment that affect older adults are
sensory impairments:
vision, hearing, postural balance, etc.).
refers to older adults having difficulty performing physical activities
Physical Impairments
not a natural part of aging, but connected to diseases, illnesses, or conditions more commonly affecting older adults.
memory impairments
These issues play a major role in preventing or delaying the onset of chronic diseases.
health behaviors
older adults with dementia and cognitive impairment, a past experience with domestic violence, frailty, and experiencing social isolation appear to be at higher risk
Elder Mistreatment
syndrome, usually of a chronic or progressive nature, in which there is deterioration in memory, thinking, behavior and the ability to perform everyday activities.
Dementia
underdiagnosed and undertreated in primary care settings. Symptoms are often overlooked and untreated because they co-occur with other problems encountered by older adults.
Depression
This law provides for the minimum requirements and standards to make buildings, facilities, and utilities for public use accessible to persons with disability, including older persons who are confined to wheelchairs and those who have difficulty in walking or climbing stairs, among others.
Republic Act No. 344 or the Accessibility Law of 1982
This provides for the establishment of Senior Citizens Centers to cater to older persons’ socialization and interaction needs as well as to serve as a venue for the conduct of other meaningful activities.
Republic Act No. 7876 entitled “An Act Establishing a Senior Citizens Center in all Cities and Municipalities of the Philippines, and Appropriating Funds Therefore”
An act granting additional benefits and privileges to senior citizens that provides health care services for poor older persons such as free medical services on government hospitals, discounted services on private hospitals and clinics, free vaccines, discounted medicines, and mandatory PhilHealth coverage.
Republic Act No. 9994, known as “Expanded Seniors Citizen Act of 2010′′
declaring the first week of October of every year as “Elderly Filipino Week.”
Presidential Proclamation No. 470, Series of 1994
This aims to ensure giving priority to community-based approaches which are gender-responsive, with effective leadership and meaningful participation of senior citizens in decision-making processes, both in the context of family and community.
The Philippine Plan of Action for Senior Citizens (2011-2016)
It establishes community-based health care services for older persons was issued by the Department of Social Welfare Development (DSWD).
Administrative Order No. 4 series of 2010, “Guidelines on the Home Care Support Services for Senior Citizens”
A program in which those over 60 who are identified as poor by means testing and not receiving any other pension or social insurance can receive Php 500 a month.
A social pension was introduced in 2011 by the Department of Social Welfare and Development
