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CPH LEC > MOD 2 > Flashcards

MOD 2 Flashcards

1
Q

studies the causes, transmission, incidence, and prevalence of health and disease in human populations.

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

It provides the tools to evaluate health problems and policies on a population basis.

A

Epidemiology

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3
Q

Epidemiology is based on the words

A

epi (upon)

demos (the people, as in ‘‘democracy’’ and ‘‘demography’’)

logia (‘‘speaking of,’’ ‘‘the study of’’).

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4
Q

the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and injuries in populations

A

(Mausner and Baum, 1974)

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5
Q

a method of reasoning about disease that deals with biological inferences derived from observations of disease phenomena in population groups

A

Lilienfeld, 1978b, p. 89

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6
Q

the quantitative analysis of the circumstances under which disease processes, including trauma, occur in population groups, and factors affecting their incidence, distribution, and host responses, and the use of this knowledge in prevention and control

A

Evans, 1979, p. 381

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7
Q

occurrences of disease

A

epidemic

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8
Q

is an epidemic that affects several countries or continents

A

pandemic

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9
Q

disease is one that is consistently present in the environment.

A

endemic

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10
Q

encompasses all unfavorable health changes

A

disease

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11
Q

collective actions to improve population health

A

Public health

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12
Q

epidemiologic study of infectious or communicable diseases

A

Infectious disease epidemiology

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13
Q

diseases or conditions that have a prolonged duration

A

Chronic disease epidemiology

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14
Q

improving the health and well- being of women, children, and families, and investigating risk factors for health outcomes

A

maternal and child health epidemiology

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15
Q

focus on environmental exposures or factors that affect health outcomes.

A

Environmental epidemiology

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16
Q

examines associations between nutrition and health outcomes.

A

Nutritional epidemiology

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17
Q

involves research in the distribution and determinants of health behaviors, and evaluate interventions and services

A

Health behavior epidemiology

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18
Q

first epidemiologist

He wrote a book called, On Airs, Waters, Places

He focused on rational explanations for disease rather than supernatural explanations

A

Hippocrates

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19
Q

showed several ways that transmission of infections can occur by direct contact, by air, and via contaminated clothing.

esented his writing on contagion and contagious diseases

proposed that diseases were each caused by a rapidly multiplying seed.

A

Girolamo Fracastoro

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20
Q

One of first demographers

calculated survivorship on a chart

Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality in 1662

A

John Graunt

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21
Q

interested in the cause and treatment of scurvy

theorized that citrus fruits could cure scurvy

A

James Lind

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22
Q

first person to show that an environmental carcinogen may cause cancer.

A

Percivall Pott

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23
Q

founders of modern epidemiology

statistical data and tested social hypotheses

demonstrated a relationship between population density and mortality rates

mapped deaths, monitored outbreaks, and developed a new categorization system for causes of death

A

William Farr

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24
Q

studied sanitation issues

disease was directly related to people’s living conditions

promoted use a special, water type pipes for sewage to reduce drinking water contamination

The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population in 1842.

A

Edwin Chadwick

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25
Q

Father of Modern Epidemiology

first person who geographically counted and mapped cases of a disease.

A

John Snow

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26
Q

expressions of the frequency with which an event occurs in the population at risk during a specified time period

A

Rates

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27
Q

rthree general types of rates

A

crude rates, specific rates and adjusted rates

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28
Q

numerator and the denominator are not necessarily related

A

Ratios

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29
Q

numerator and the denominator are always related in a proportion

Often expressed as a percentage

A

Proportions

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30
Q

primary indicators of the healthiness or sickness of a population.

A

Morbidity and mortality

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31
Q

extent of disease, illness, injury, or disability in a defined population

A

Morbidity

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32
Q

Morbidity is usually expressed in terms of

A

prevalence, attack rates, or incidence rates

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33
Q

rate of disease in a population

A

morbidity

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34
Q

death, or it describes death and related issues

A

Mortality

35
Q

different types of mortality rates

A

annual death rate
infant mortality rate
fetal death rate
abortion rate
maternal mortality rate
case fatality rate.

36
Q

any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being

A

Morbidity

37
Q

occurrence of new cases of a disease or the onset of disease

A

Incidence

38
Q

disease already present in a population

A

Prevalence

39
Q

measure the occurrence of new disease, or a change from health to disease

A

Cumulative incidence and incidence rate

40
Q

Relationship of incidence and prevalence

A

greater the incidence, the more people will have the disease of interest

41
Q

original information collected first hand

A

Primary data

42
Q

have been collected by someone else, possibly for another purpose.

A

secondary data

43
Q

process of enumeration of the population living in a specific place.

A

Census

44
Q

Philippine Census is conducted

A

every 5 years

45
Q

Censuses in the Philippines are administered by

A

Philippine Statistics Authority

46
Q

statistical summaries of vital records, that is, records of major life events.

A

Vital statistics

47
Q

contains several reports of outbreaks of disease, environmental hazards, unusual cases, or other public health problems.

A

Morbidity and Mortality Reports

48
Q

determine the amount, distribution, and effects of illness and disability.

A

NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEYS

49
Q

deals with the frequency and the distribution of disease or risk factors in population.

A

Descriptive studies

50
Q

investigator simply observes the natural course of events, taking note of who is exposed or unexposed and who has or has not developed the disease of interest

A

observational studies

51
Q

are carried out to identify the cause of a disease

A

Experimental studies

52
Q

pre-exposure period in the natural history of disease

A

Susceptibility Stage

53
Q

disease process begins with

A

exposure

54
Q

occurs wherein pathological changes occur without the individual
being aware of them.

A

Stage of Subclinical Disease

55
Q

onset of symptoms marks the transition from subclinical to

A

clinical disease

56
Q

diseases caused by biological agents or their products and are transmissible from one individual to another.

A

Communicable (infectious) diseases

57
Q

establishment of a communicable disease agent in a host organism.

A

infection

58
Q

illnesses are those that cannot be transmitted from one person to another

A

Non-communicable (non-infectious) diseases

59
Q

diseases in which the peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within 3 months

A

Acute diseases

60
Q

symptoms continue longer than 3 months and, in some cases, for the remainder of one’s life.

A

Chronic diseases

61
Q

ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in a host.

A

Infectivity

62
Q

refers to an infectious disease agent’s ability to produce disease.

A

pathogenicity

63
Q

refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal.

A

Virulence

64
Q

model that is used to explain the factors that are the minimal requirements for the occurrence and spread of communicable diseases in a population.

A

EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE

65
Q

element that must be present for disease to occur

A

agent

66
Q

includes all other factors—physical, biological, or social—that inhibit or promote disease transmission.

A

environment

67
Q

involves the immediate transfer of the disease agent between the infected and the susceptible individuals by direct contact

A

Direct transmission

68
Q

dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry, usually the respiratory tract.

A

Airborne transmission

69
Q

contaminated materials or objects (fomites) serve as vehicles —non-living objects by which communicable agents are transferred to a susceptible host.

A

vehicle-borne transmission

70
Q

multiplication and development of the disease organism usually do not occur.

A

mechanical transmission

71
Q

multiplication and/or developmental changes of the disease agent occur in the vector before transmission occurs.

A

biological transmission

72
Q

It does not involve specific recognition of a microbe and acts against all microbes in the same way.

Present at birth

A

Innate immunity

73
Q

very precise defense mechanisms, targeting specific pathogens.

third line of defense

may be acquired naturally by infection or artificially by immunization

A

Adaptive immunity

74
Q

antibodies develop in a person’s own immune system after the body is exposed to an antigen through a disease or through immunization

A

Active Immunity

75
Q

antibodies are given to a person to prevent disease or to treat disease after the body is exposed to an antigen.

A

Passive Immunity

76
Q

implies the planning for and taking of action to prevent the occurrence of an undesirable event.

A

Prevention

77
Q

taking of action during an event

A

Intervention

78
Q

general term for the containment of a disease and can include both prevention and intervention measures

A

Control

79
Q

uprooting or total elimination of a disease from the human population

A

Eradication

80
Q

aims to forestall the onset of illness or injury during the pre- pathogenesis period.

A

Primary prevention

81
Q

health education and health promotion programs, safe-housing projects, and character-building and personality development programs, the use of immunizations against specific diseases, the practice of personal hygiene such as hand washing, the use of rubber gloves, and the chlorination of the community’s water supply.

A

Examples of primary prevention

82
Q

early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe.

A

Secondary prevention

83
Q

health screenings

A

Examples of secondary prevention

84
Q

nvolves the retraining, re-education, and rehabilitation of the patient who has already incurred a disability.

A

Tertiary prevention

CPH LEC (7 decks)

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