MOD 2 Flashcards
studies the causes, transmission, incidence, and prevalence of health and disease in human populations.
Epidemiology
It provides the tools to evaluate health problems and policies on a population basis.
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is based on the words
epi (upon)
demos (the people, as in ‘‘democracy’’ and ‘‘demography’’)
logia (‘‘speaking of,’’ ‘‘the study of’’).
the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and injuries in populations
(Mausner and Baum, 1974)
a method of reasoning about disease that deals with biological inferences derived from observations of disease phenomena in population groups
Lilienfeld, 1978b, p. 89
the quantitative analysis of the circumstances under which disease processes, including trauma, occur in population groups, and factors affecting their incidence, distribution, and host responses, and the use of this knowledge in prevention and control
Evans, 1979, p. 381
occurrences of disease
epidemic
is an epidemic that affects several countries or continents
pandemic
disease is one that is consistently present in the environment.
endemic
encompasses all unfavorable health changes
disease
collective actions to improve population health
Public health
epidemiologic study of infectious or communicable diseases
Infectious disease epidemiology
diseases or conditions that have a prolonged duration
Chronic disease epidemiology
improving the health and well- being of women, children, and families, and investigating risk factors for health outcomes
maternal and child health epidemiology
focus on environmental exposures or factors that affect health outcomes.
Environmental epidemiology
examines associations between nutrition and health outcomes.
Nutritional epidemiology
involves research in the distribution and determinants of health behaviors, and evaluate interventions and services
Health behavior epidemiology
first epidemiologist
He wrote a book called, On Airs, Waters, Places
He focused on rational explanations for disease rather than supernatural explanations
Hippocrates
showed several ways that transmission of infections can occur by direct contact, by air, and via contaminated clothing.
esented his writing on contagion and contagious diseases
proposed that diseases were each caused by a rapidly multiplying seed.
Girolamo Fracastoro
One of first demographers
calculated survivorship on a chart
Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality in 1662
John Graunt
interested in the cause and treatment of scurvy
theorized that citrus fruits could cure scurvy
James Lind
first person to show that an environmental carcinogen may cause cancer.
Percivall Pott
founders of modern epidemiology
statistical data and tested social hypotheses
demonstrated a relationship between population density and mortality rates
mapped deaths, monitored outbreaks, and developed a new categorization system for causes of death
William Farr
studied sanitation issues
disease was directly related to people’s living conditions
promoted use a special, water type pipes for sewage to reduce drinking water contamination
The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population in 1842.
Edwin Chadwick
Father of Modern Epidemiology
first person who geographically counted and mapped cases of a disease.
John Snow
expressions of the frequency with which an event occurs in the population at risk during a specified time period
Rates
rthree general types of rates
crude rates, specific rates and adjusted rates
numerator and the denominator are not necessarily related
Ratios
numerator and the denominator are always related in a proportion
Often expressed as a percentage
Proportions
primary indicators of the healthiness or sickness of a population.
Morbidity and mortality
extent of disease, illness, injury, or disability in a defined population
Morbidity
Morbidity is usually expressed in terms of
prevalence, attack rates, or incidence rates
rate of disease in a population
morbidity
death, or it describes death and related issues
Mortality
different types of mortality rates
annual death rate
infant mortality rate
fetal death rate
abortion rate
maternal mortality rate
case fatality rate.
any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being
Morbidity
occurrence of new cases of a disease or the onset of disease
Incidence
disease already present in a population
Prevalence
measure the occurrence of new disease, or a change from health to disease
Cumulative incidence and incidence rate
Relationship of incidence and prevalence
greater the incidence, the more people will have the disease of interest
original information collected first hand
Primary data
have been collected by someone else, possibly for another purpose.
secondary data
process of enumeration of the population living in a specific place.
Census
Philippine Census is conducted
every 5 years
Censuses in the Philippines are administered by
Philippine Statistics Authority
statistical summaries of vital records, that is, records of major life events.
Vital statistics
contains several reports of outbreaks of disease, environmental hazards, unusual cases, or other public health problems.
Morbidity and Mortality Reports
determine the amount, distribution, and effects of illness and disability.
NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEYS
deals with the frequency and the distribution of disease or risk factors in population.
Descriptive studies
investigator simply observes the natural course of events, taking note of who is exposed or unexposed and who has or has not developed the disease of interest
observational studies
are carried out to identify the cause of a disease
Experimental studies
pre-exposure period in the natural history of disease
Susceptibility Stage
disease process begins with
exposure
occurs wherein pathological changes occur without the individual
being aware of them.
Stage of Subclinical Disease
onset of symptoms marks the transition from subclinical to
clinical disease
diseases caused by biological agents or their products and are transmissible from one individual to another.
Communicable (infectious) diseases
establishment of a communicable disease agent in a host organism.
infection
illnesses are those that cannot be transmitted from one person to another
Non-communicable (non-infectious) diseases
diseases in which the peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within 3 months
Acute diseases
symptoms continue longer than 3 months and, in some cases, for the remainder of one’s life.
Chronic diseases
ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in a host.
Infectivity
refers to an infectious disease agent’s ability to produce disease.
pathogenicity
refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal.
Virulence
model that is used to explain the factors that are the minimal requirements for the occurrence and spread of communicable diseases in a population.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE
element that must be present for disease to occur
agent
includes all other factors—physical, biological, or social—that inhibit or promote disease transmission.
environment
involves the immediate transfer of the disease agent between the infected and the susceptible individuals by direct contact
Direct transmission
dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry, usually the respiratory tract.
Airborne transmission
contaminated materials or objects (fomites) serve as vehicles —non-living objects by which communicable agents are transferred to a susceptible host.
vehicle-borne transmission
multiplication and development of the disease organism usually do not occur.
mechanical transmission
multiplication and/or developmental changes of the disease agent occur in the vector before transmission occurs.
biological transmission
It does not involve specific recognition of a microbe and acts against all microbes in the same way.
Present at birth
Innate immunity
very precise defense mechanisms, targeting specific pathogens.
third line of defense
may be acquired naturally by infection or artificially by immunization
Adaptive immunity
antibodies develop in a person’s own immune system after the body is exposed to an antigen through a disease or through immunization
Active Immunity
antibodies are given to a person to prevent disease or to treat disease after the body is exposed to an antigen.
Passive Immunity
implies the planning for and taking of action to prevent the occurrence of an undesirable event.
Prevention
taking of action during an event
Intervention
general term for the containment of a disease and can include both prevention and intervention measures
Control
uprooting or total elimination of a disease from the human population
Eradication
aims to forestall the onset of illness or injury during the pre- pathogenesis period.
Primary prevention
health education and health promotion programs, safe-housing projects, and character-building and personality development programs, the use of immunizations against specific diseases, the practice of personal hygiene such as hand washing, the use of rubber gloves, and the chlorination of the community’s water supply.
Examples of primary prevention
early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe.
Secondary prevention
health screenings
Examples of secondary prevention
nvolves the retraining, re-education, and rehabilitation of the patient who has already incurred a disability.
Tertiary prevention
