MOD 2 Flashcards by Aubs Ganda

studies the causes, transmission, incidence, and prevalence of health and disease in human populations.

Epidemiology

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It provides the tools to evaluate health problems and policies on a population basis.

Epidemiology

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Epidemiology is based on the words

epi (upon)

demos (the people, as in ‘‘democracy’’ and ‘‘demography’’)

logia (‘‘speaking of,’’ ‘‘the study of’’).

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the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases and injuries in populations

(Mausner and Baum, 1974)

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a method of reasoning about disease that deals with biological inferences derived from observations of disease phenomena in population groups

Lilienfeld, 1978b, p. 89

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the quantitative analysis of the circumstances under which disease processes, including trauma, occur in population groups, and factors affecting their incidence, distribution, and host responses, and the use of this knowledge in prevention and control

Evans, 1979, p. 381

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occurrences of disease

epidemic

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is an epidemic that affects several countries or continents

pandemic

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disease is one that is consistently present in the environment.

endemic

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encompasses all unfavorable health changes

disease

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collective actions to improve population health

Public health

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epidemiologic study of infectious or communicable diseases

Infectious disease epidemiology

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diseases or conditions that have a prolonged duration

Chronic disease epidemiology

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improving the health and well- being of women, children, and families, and investigating risk factors for health outcomes

maternal and child health epidemiology

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focus on environmental exposures or factors that affect health outcomes.

Environmental epidemiology

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examines associations between nutrition and health outcomes.

Nutritional epidemiology

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involves research in the distribution and determinants of health behaviors, and evaluate interventions and services

Health behavior epidemiology

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first epidemiologist

He wrote a book called, On Airs, Waters, Places

He focused on rational explanations for disease rather than supernatural explanations

Hippocrates

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showed several ways that transmission of infections can occur by direct contact, by air, and via contaminated clothing.

esented his writing on contagion and contagious diseases

proposed that diseases were each caused by a rapidly multiplying seed.

Girolamo Fracastoro

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One of first demographers

calculated survivorship on a chart

Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality in 1662

John Graunt

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interested in the cause and treatment of scurvy

theorized that citrus fruits could cure scurvy

James Lind

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first person to show that an environmental carcinogen may cause cancer.

Percivall Pott

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founders of modern epidemiology

statistical data and tested social hypotheses

demonstrated a relationship between population density and mortality rates

mapped deaths, monitored outbreaks, and developed a new categorization system for causes of death

William Farr

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studied sanitation issues

disease was directly related to people’s living conditions

promoted use a special, water type pipes for sewage to reduce drinking water contamination

The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population in 1842.

Edwin Chadwick

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Father of Modern Epidemiology first person who geographically counted and mapped cases of a disease.

John Snow

expressions of the frequency with which an event occurs in the population at risk during a specified time period

Rates

rthree general types of rates

crude rates, specific rates and adjusted rates

numerator and the denominator are not necessarily related

Ratios

numerator and the denominator are always related in a proportion Often expressed as a percentage

Proportions

primary indicators of the healthiness or sickness of a population.

Morbidity and mortality

extent of disease, illness, injury, or disability in a defined population

Morbidity

Morbidity is usually expressed in terms of

prevalence, attack rates, or incidence rates

rate of disease in a population

morbidity

death, or it describes death and related issues

Mortality

different types of mortality rates

annual death rate infant mortality rate fetal death rate abortion rate maternal mortality rate case fatality rate.

any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being

Morbidity

occurrence of new cases of a disease or the onset of disease

Incidence

disease already present in a population

Prevalence

measure the occurrence of new disease, or a change from health to disease

Cumulative incidence and incidence rate

Relationship of incidence and prevalence

greater the incidence, the more people will have the disease of interest

original information collected first hand

Primary data

have been collected by someone else, possibly for another purpose.

secondary data

process of enumeration of the population living in a specific place.

Census

Philippine Census is conducted

every 5 years

Censuses in the Philippines are administered by

Philippine Statistics Authority

statistical summaries of vital records, that is, records of major life events.

Vital statistics

contains several reports of outbreaks of disease, environmental hazards, unusual cases, or other public health problems.

Morbidity and Mortality Reports

determine the amount, distribution, and effects of illness and disability.

NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEYS

deals with the frequency and the distribution of disease or risk factors in population.

Descriptive studies

investigator simply observes the natural course of events, taking note of who is exposed or unexposed and who has or has not developed the disease of interest

observational studies

are carried out to identify the cause of a disease

Experimental studies

pre-exposure period in the natural history of disease

Susceptibility Stage

disease process begins with

exposure

occurs wherein pathological changes occur without the individual being aware of them.

Stage of Subclinical Disease

onset of symptoms marks the transition from subclinical to

clinical disease

diseases caused by biological agents or their products and are transmissible from one individual to another.

Communicable (infectious) diseases

establishment of a communicable disease agent in a host organism.

infection

illnesses are those that cannot be transmitted from one person to another

Non-communicable (non-infectious) diseases

diseases in which the peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within 3 months

Acute diseases

symptoms continue longer than 3 months and, in some cases, for the remainder of one’s life.

Chronic diseases

ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in a host.

Infectivity

refers to an infectious disease agent’s ability to produce disease.

pathogenicity

refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal.

Virulence

model that is used to explain the factors that are the minimal requirements for the occurrence and spread of communicable diseases in a population.

EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE

element that must be present for disease to occur

agent

includes all other factors—physical, biological, or social—that inhibit or promote disease transmission.

environment

involves the immediate transfer of the disease agent between the infected and the susceptible individuals by direct contact

Direct transmission

dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry, usually the respiratory tract.

Airborne transmission

contaminated materials or objects (fomites) serve as vehicles —non-living objects by which communicable agents are transferred to a susceptible host.

vehicle-borne transmission

multiplication and development of the disease organism usually do not occur.

mechanical transmission

multiplication and/or developmental changes of the disease agent occur in the vector before transmission occurs.

biological transmission

It does not involve specific recognition of a microbe and acts against all microbes in the same way. Present at birth

Innate immunity

very precise defense mechanisms, targeting specific pathogens. third line of defense may be acquired naturally by infection or artificially by immunization

Adaptive immunity

antibodies develop in a person's own immune system after the body is exposed to an antigen through a disease or through immunization

Active Immunity

antibodies are given to a person to prevent disease or to treat disease after the body is exposed to an antigen.

Passive Immunity

implies the planning for and taking of action to prevent the occurrence of an undesirable event.

Prevention

taking of action during an event

Intervention

general term for the containment of a disease and can include both prevention and intervention measures

Control

uprooting or total elimination of a disease from the human population

Eradication

aims to forestall the onset of illness or injury during the pre- pathogenesis period.

Primary prevention

health education and health promotion programs, safe-housing projects, and character-building and personality development programs, the use of immunizations against specific diseases, the practice of personal hygiene such as hand washing, the use of rubber gloves, and the chlorination of the community’s water supply.

Examples of primary prevention

early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe.

Secondary prevention

health screenings

Examples of secondary prevention

nvolves the retraining, re-education, and rehabilitation of the patient who has already incurred a disability.

Tertiary prevention