Mod 5 Flashcards
differences in gender, age groups, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, language preference, religion, political views, and special needs as well as race and ethnicity.2
Diversity
subcultural group within a multicultural society
Ethnicity
Membership in an ethnic group is usually based on
common national or tribal heritage
Hutchinson and Smith
definition of an ethnic group includes six main features including:
- A common proper name, to identify and express the “essence” of the community
- A myth of common ancestry that includes the idea of common origin in time and place and that gives an ethnie a sense of fictive kinship
- Shared historical memories, or better, shared memories of a common past or pasts, including heroes, events, and their commemoration
- One or more elements of common culture, which need not be specified but normally include religion, customs, and language
- A link with a homeland, not necessarily its physical occupation by the ethnie, only its symbolic attachment to the ancestral land, as with diaspora peoples
- A sense of solidarity on the part of at least some sections of the ethnie’s population
primary sense of belonging to an ethnic group.
ethnicity
categorization of parts of a population based on physical appearance due to particular historical social and political forces
Race
cultural modification of an individual or group by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture
Acculturation
person who flees one area or country to seek shelter or protection from danger
Refugee
differences in the incidence, prevalence and mortality and burden of diseases and other adverse health conditions among specific population groups
Health disparities
group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continuously lived as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have, under claims of ownership
Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous People
mandates state recognition, protection, promotion, and fulfillment of the rights of Indigenous Peoples
Philippine Constitution
Estimate of Indigenous Peoples (IPs) belonging to 110 ethno-linguistic groups;
14- 17 million
Northern Luzon (Cordillera Administrative Region, 33%) and Mindanao (61%),
Ten upland tribal groups on Luzon
Ifugao, Bontoc, Kankana-ey, Ibaloi, Kalinga, Tinguian, Isneg, Gaddang, Ilongot and Negrito.
main forms of work (igorot community)
wet-rice farmers (Ifugaos, Bontocs and Kankana-ey)
wet-rice and dry-rice growing techniques (Kalinga and Tinguian)
shifting cultivation (Isneg, Ilongot and Gaddang).
healing ritual done because of the belief that the disease is caused by a malevolent spirit
ABAT” and “SENGA”
Involves a traditional priest or a medium, butchering of animals (chicken or piglet), gongs and
other materials in the ritual
ABAT and SENGA
THREATS TO COMMUNITY HEALTH AMONG IGOROT PEOPLE
Land-grabbing
Discrimination and inequalities
Destructive socio-economic projects such as megadams, large-scale mines and megatourism
Commercialization of indigenous culture
Institutionalized discrimination
Violation and non-recognition of indigenous socio-political systems and processes
Government neglect of basic social services to indigenous people
A group of people termed in Negrito during the Spanish colonial rule. These minorities emerged from early waves of Malay or Proto-Malay migrants
AETA/AYTA/AGTA COMMUNITY
mainly skilled in hunting, gathering and jungle survival.
nomadic, monotheistic, peace and non-violent
resisted colonization
AETA/AYTA/AGTA COMMUNITY
Language of aeta community
sambal
they believe that any type of exploitation or wasting of resources would be offensive to the spirits.
AETA/AYTA/AGTA COMMUNITY
THREATS TO COMMUNITY HEALTH OF THE AETA PEOPLE
Dispossession, poverty and political discrimination through decades of protracted land rights processes
Little recognition and support from the local government
Marginalization and displacement due to land grabbers, illegal logging, mining and slash-burn
farming
Racial discrimination
bisayan term meaning “indigenous”, “native” or “born of the earth”.
Lumad
Lumad tribal groupings include
Ata, Bagobo, Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manobo, Subanon and Tiruray.
61% of the total population of indigenous people
Lumad
socio-political context of the Lumad
burdened with violence and oppression, and among this population, the most vulnerable are still women and children
THREATS TO COMMUNITY HEALTH OF THE LUMAD PEOPLE
Long-term displacement
Legalized land dispossession through harassment and illegal possession
Threats from development of plantation agriculture, logging concessions, hydro-electric and
geothermal energy plant schemes
Considered to be outnumbered in their ancestral lands
Human rights violation including destruction and burning down of schools, areal bombings
and use of school facilities for military operations
reporting of accurate and complete race and ethnicity data provides essential information to
to target and evaluate public health interventions aimed at under-represented populations.
health was both a collective and an individual inter- generational continuum encompassing a holistic perspective incorporating four distinct shared dimensions of life.
definition of Indigenous health; World Health Organization (2001)
four fundamental dimensions of life
spiritual, the intellectual, physical and emotional
EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORKS FOR INDIGENOUS HEALTH DISPARITIES
RACIAL DIFFERENCES
HEALTH BEHAVIORS
SOCIOECONOMIC DISADVANTAGE
HISTORICAL PROCESSES OF COLONIZATION
URBANIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION
STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING INDIGENOUS HEALTH POLICY
Health system development and financing
Capacity building for human resources
Community participation in policy and program delivery
Health care, health promotion and disease prevention programs development and delivery
Comprehensive integration of Western and traditional health systems
National health information, monitoring and evaluation systems
Addressing issues on land reform
Political recognition of indigenous peoples
Support for the retention of indigenous languages and culture
Address poverty, educational reform and programs to improve housing quality
government body responsible of protecting the rights of ICCs/IPs through governmental programs
National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
declares that the State shall recognize and promote all the rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/IPs) to government basic services health. This also addresses the social, economic and cultural well-being of IPs
R.A. 8371: The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2007 (UNDRIP)
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2007 (UNDRIP)
- Right to improvement of their economic and social conditions without discrimination
- Right to traditional medicines and maintaining their health practices
- Right to conserve their conserve their vital medicinal resources and access health and
social services without discrimination
- Right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
Made the recommendation urging all member states to include intercultural
perspective within their health policies, programs and services with special reference to reproductive health as well as to reassess the role play by healers and midwives as agents for the exchange between ancestral medicine and western medicine
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 2000 (UNPFII)
seeks
to establish access to comprehensive and integrated mental health services, while protecting the
rights of people with mental disorders and their family members
Mental Health Act (Republic Act no. 11036
state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity
Mental health, Healthy People 2010
adults who have good mental health are able to do
- Function under adversity.
- Change or adapt to changes around them.
- Manage their tension and anxiety.
- Find more satisfaction in giving than receiving.
- Show consideration for others.
- Curb hate and guilt.
- Love others.
Refers collectively to all diagnosable mental disorders are health conditions that are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behavior associated with distress and/or impaired functioning
Mental illness
health conditions that are characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behavior (or some combination thereof) associated with distress and/or impaired functioning.
Mental disorders
most commonly occurring conditions among American children ages 9 to 17 years
anxiety disorders, disruptive disorders, mood disorders, and substance use disorders.
occurring conditions among adolescents
Life-long mental disorders
three main types of eating disorders
anorexia, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating
Social determinants of mental health
causes of the causes
All maladies psychiatric or otherwise were simply believed to be instigated by natural and supernatural occurrences.
Pre-Spanish era
mental illness and conditions manifesting with aberrant thinking and behavior were attributed to religious factors and supernatural forces.
Spanish era
mental illness were thought to have offended or displeased dieties
Mentally ill were brought to churches for purification and exorcism.
first ever institutional care of the mentally ill originated
Spanish era
first ever institutional care of the mentally ill originated in
Hospicio de San Jose
the first Roman Catholic social welfare institution in the country founded in 1782
Hospicio de San Jose
mental disability began to be recognized just as any other medical illness.
The American regime
Established in November 1904 as the country’s first ever hospital unit specifically dedicated for the mentally ill, under the newly created Bureau of Health.
Insane Department of San Lazaro Hospital
first Filipino psychiatrist
alumnus of the University of the Philippines
was sent as Rockefeller scholar to Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Elias Domingo
Established in 1918 at San Juan del Monte another psychiatric institution.
Closed in 1935
City Sanitarium
dedicated for the treatment of patients afflicted with mental and nervous disorders
Insular Psychopathic Hospital
began to teach psychiatry to the medical students who rotated for their clinical practicum at the Insane Department of San Lazaro Hospital and the Insular Psychopathic Hospital.
Almond T. Gough and Samuel Tretze
With the eruption of World War II in December 1941, the progress of psychiatry in the country was placed into a halt.
The Japanese occupation
Following the widespread emotional impressions brought about by the casualties of the war was the increased awareness and appreciation of the discipline of psychiatry.
era of liberation
was renamed National Mental Hospital (NMH) in July 1946.
National Psychopathic Hospital
performed the first ever prefrontal lobotomy
1947, Major Romeo Gustilo
established its own 100-bed neuropsychiatric unit in 1946.
Victoriano Luna General Hospital
performed the first trans-orbital lobotomy
Major Jaime Zaguirre
started to teach psychiatry as a subject in 1945 conducted by a professor of anatomy and neuroanatomy
Marciano Limson
returned to the country and started to teach psychiatry as well
Jorge Paras
conducted two visits under the China Medical Board of New York appraising and assisting in the program enhancement.
Carl Bowman
assumed the chairmanship in the newly instituted Neuropsychiatry Section under the Department of Medicine.
Baltazar V. Reyes, Jr
country’s first privately run Neuropsychiatric institute with a bed capacity of thirty and with the primary intent of diagnosis and management of acute mental disorders.
University of Santo Tomas-Section of Neurology and Psychiatry
University of Santo Tomas-Section of Neurology and Psychiatry was structured under the Department of Medicine in __ as headed by __
1947 Leopoldo Pardo
chose to go for psychiatry at the Universidad Central de Madrid. Thereafter, he also completed neurology residency training at the Neurologic Institute of Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center
Gilberto Gamez
Department of Psychiatry and Neurology chairman and first graduate
Gilberto Gamez
Leonor Feliciano
In 1956, Department of Psychiatry was established under the chairmanship of
Jaime Zaguirre
pioneered a nationwide educational movement through the endorsement of the first National Mental Health Week
In 1965, it funded the earliest known epidemiologic survey of mental disorders in the country in Lubao, Pampanga
The Philippine Mental Health Association (PMHA)
The Philippine Mental Health Association (PMHA) is founded by
Toribio Joson
Manuel Arguelles
1949
Despite the existence of the Philippine Society of Psychiatry and Neurology during the Second World War, it mostly lingered dormant until 1946
The Philippine Society of Psychiatry and Neurology
keeping with the maturation and better- defined distinctions between the two disciplines of Psychiatry and Neurology
Philippine Psychiatric Association.
Philippine Psychiatric Association founding president
Lourdes Ignacio
composed of psychiatrists aiming to come up with much needed
recommendations on organizational reforms
Project Team on Mental Health
signifying its envisioned role as the country’s repository of technical and administrative expertise on mental health.
reorganization of the National Mental Health, now named the National Center for Mental Health
contributory in proposing two mental health bills highlighting to give priority to community-based mental health care activities, as well as creating a national coordinating body for mental health.
Project Team
provides a rights-based mental health legislation.
It mandates for the provision of psychiatric, psychosocial and neurological services in all hospitals,
and basic mental health services in community settings.
Senate Bill No. 1354 to Philippine Mental Health Act RA 11036
Senate Bill No. 1354, 2017
was passed in the congress and senate and was signed into a law on
21 June, 2018
protects the rights of patients as follows: ‘a right to freedom from discrimination, right to protection from torture, cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment; right to aftercare and rehabilitation; right to be adequately informed about psychosocial and clinical assessments; right to participate in the treatment plan to be implemented; right to evidence-based or informed consent; right to confidentiality; and right to counsel, among others’.
Philippine Mental Health Act
incorporates rights for ‘concerned individuals’
highlights the need to provide psychosocial support to family members of the patient if required and, with informed patient consent, to include them in the planning of treatment for the patient.
Philippine Mental Health Act
the Act seeks to integrate mental health into the educational system by promoting mental health programs in schools and other organizations.
Philippine Mental Health Act
reduces the incidence (rate of new cases) of mental illness and related problems
Primary prevention
identified more than 4,500 low-income and mostly female- headed families and gave them vouchers to move from public housing in extremely poor neighborhoods to lower-poverty neighborhoods in the same cities.
Moving to Opportunity
although not reducing the incidence of mental illness, can reduce its prevalence by shortening the duration of episodes through prompt intervention
Secondary prevention
treatment, and rehabilitation ameliorate the symptoms of illness and prevent further problems for the individual and the community
Tertiary prevention
Treatment goals for mental disorders are to
(1) reduce symptoms, (2) improve personal and social functioning, (3) develop and strengthen coping skills, and (4) promote behaviors
involves treatment with medications.
Psychopharmacological therapy
alternating electric current passes through the brain to produce unconsciousness and a
convulsive seizure
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
involves treatment through verbal communication.
Psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, or psychosocial therapy
examines current problems as they relate to earlier experiences, even from childhood
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
focuses on current thinking patterns that are faulty or distorted.
cognitive psychotherapy
focuses on how maladaptive feelings and behaviors are the result of distorted thinking, and uses exercises, role playing, and other structured procedures to promote new thought patterns, and regular homework between sessions to practice more effective coping responses.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
comprised of concerned members of the community who are united by a disability or predicament not shared by other members of the community.
Self-Help Groups
modeled on rehabilitation practices for people with physical and developmental disabilities and its services often carry the modifier support in keeping with patient self-determination
Psychiatric rehabilitation
