mod 5: anatomy of phonation Flashcards
glottis
-space between vocal folds
hyoid bone (function, location, articulation, applicable)
-function: supports the laryx
-Location: attached to tongue
-Articulation: non-articulate, unpaired
cricoid cartilage (function, location, articulation, applicable)
-function: forms base of the larynx
-Location: sits just above the top-most tracheal ring, shaped like signet ring
-Articulation: non-articulate, unpaired
Thyroid cartilage (function, location, articulation, applicable)
-function: adams apple
-Location: superior to cricoid cartilage largest
cartilage, single cartilage, shield-like shape, sides have superior and inferior horns (cornu)
-Articulation: unpaired
Arytenoid cartilage (function, location, articulation, applicable)
-function: vocal folds attach to them
-Location: sit atop posterior cricoid cartilage
-Articulation: articulate with cricoid, paired, glide forward to shorten vocal folds to change pitch
Corniculate cartilage (function, location, articulation, applicable)
-function: perhaps to assist in forceful adduction
-Location: cap on apex of arytenoids
-Articulation: paired
Cuneiform cartilage (function, location, articulation, applicable)
-function: to support and stiffen aryepiglottic folds
-Location: flaps of mucosal lining lateral to epiglottis at opening of larynx
-Articulation: paired
Epiglottis cartilage (function, location, articulation, applicable)
-function: protects larynx from food, debris
-Location: attached to interior of thyroid cartilage, ligaments connects to root of tongue on anterior
-Articulation: unpaired
cricothyroid joint (function, location, articulation, applicable)
function: pivor for thyroid to rock forward, used for pitch adjustment
movement: rock forward
cricoarytenoid joint (function, location, articulation, applicable)
permits some roation and rocking in and out movement
thyrohyoid membrane (function, location, articulation, applicable)
location: cover the space between the hyoid bone and the thyroid
Aryepiglottic folds (function, location, articulation, applicable)
Swallowing
vocal folds (function, location, articulation, applicable)
ventricular/false vocal folds (function, location, articulation, applicable)
function:
location: superior to the true folds, consist of thick foldd of mucous membrane
articulation:
vocal fold structure: squamos eithelium
most superficial, protective layer of vocal folds
vocal fold structure: superficial lamina propria
vocal folds structure with elastin fibers
vocal fold structure: intermediate lamina propia
anterior-to-posterior elastin fibers provide elasticity and strength
vocal fold structure: deep lamina propia
anterior-to-posterior collagen fibers
thyroarytenoid muscle parts
composed of the thyrovocalis and thyromuscularis
lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) (function, location, origin and insertion)
-intrinsic adductor muscle (close glottis)
-function: rotates arytenoid cartilaged to bring the vocal processes closer by rocking inward and downward (closes glottis, step 2)
-insertion: muscular process of arytenoid
-origin: superior lateral surface of the cricoid
interarytenoids
-intrinsic adductors that include the transverse arytenoids (TA) and Oblique Arytenoid (OA)
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (function, origin and insertion)
-function: the ONLY intrinsic ABductor (open glottis) Rocks arytenoid
cartilages laterally (abducts vocal
folds; opposite function of LCA)
-insertion: Posterior surface of the
muscular process of the arytenoids
-Origin: Posterior cricoid lamina
cricothyroid muscle (function, origin and insertion, parts)
-intrinsic tensor
-function: move the thyroid cartilage downward closer to cricoid (tense and lengthen the vocal folds)
-Origin: Anterior cricoid cartilage
-Insertion: Lower thyroid lamina
-two parts: pars recta and pars oblique
thyrovocalis
- a thyroarytenoid intrinsic tensor
thyromuscularis
-a thyroarytenoid intrinsic Relaxer
aryepiglottic
-Accessory intrinsic
laryngeal muscles
-function: pulls epiglottic backward and downward into airway during swallowing
thyroepiglottic
-Accessory intrinsic laryngeal muscles
-Function: Dilates airway
(depresses epiglottis), pull the epiglottis down posteriorly to cover the airway
-Origin: Inner surface of thyroid cartilage
at angle
-Insertion: Lateral
margin of
epiglottis
Suprahyoid
extrinsic muscles that insert above the hyoid bone (elevate hyoid bone and larynx)
Infrahyoid
extrinsic muscles that insert below the hyoid (depress the hyoid bone and larynx)
Oblique arytenoid muscle (OA)
Function: Pulls the upper tips (apex)
of the arytenoids together (assists
with adduction)
Origin: Posterior base of muscular
process of arytenoids
Insertion: Apex of the opposite
arytenoid
digastric muscle anterior belly (function, location, origin and insertion)
suprahyoid extrinsic muscle
-function: draws hyoid up and foward
-origin: mandible, courses medially and inferiorly
-insertion: hyoid bone
-innervated: CN 5 trigeminal
digastric muscle posterior belly
suprahyoid extrinsic muscle
-Function: draws hyoid up and back
-origin: mastoid process of the skill, courses medially and downward
-insertion: hyoid bone
-innervated: CN 7 Facial
stylohyoid muscle
extrinsic suprahyoid muscle
-function: draws the hyoid up and backward
-origin: styloid process, down and forward
-insertion: corpus of hyoid, splits and goes around digastric
-innervation: CN 7 Facial
mylohyoid (function, origin and insertion, location, innervation)
-extrinsic suprahyoid muscle
-Function: Elevates hyoid, depresses mandible, forms muscular floor of mouth
-Origin: Along the mylohyoid line
-Insertion: Corpus of hyoid and the floor of the mouth
-innervation: CN 5 (trigeminal)
geniohyoid muscle (function, origin and insertion, location, innervation)
-extrinsic suprahyoid muscle
-function: Elevates hyoid, depresses mandible
-Origin: Mandible
-Insertion: Corpus of hyoid
-innervation: CN 7 hypglossal
hypoglossus
extrinsic suprahyoid muscle
-function: elevated hyoid, depresses tongue
-origin: upper border of the body and greater horns of hyroid
-insertion: posterior and lateral regions of the rongue
-innervation: CN 12 hypoglossal
genioglossus
extrinsic suprahyoid muscle
-origin: mandible, fans upward
-insertion: corpus of hyoid and tongue
-function: elevates the hyoid
-innervation: CN 12 hypoglossal
inferior pharyngeal constrictor
extrinsic suprahyoid muscle
-function: constricts pharynx )active during swallowing, elevate larynx)
-origin: lower portion of pharynx
-insertion: posterior pharynheal raphe
-innervation: CN 10 vagus
sternohyoid
extrinsic infrahyoid muscle
-function: draws the hyoid done downwards
-Origin: Posterior surface of manubrium, the medial end of the clavicle
-Insertion: Lower border of the hyoid body
-innervation: spinal nerves
omohyoid
extrinsic infrahyoid muscle
sternothyroid
extrinsic suprahyoid muscle
-Function: Lowers the thyroid, larynx
-innervation: combo og hypoglossan and spinal nerves
-Origin: Posterior surface of the manubrium of sternum
and first costal cartilage
-Insertion: Oblique line of thyroid cartilage
thyrohyoid
extrinsic infrahyoid muscle
-Origin: Oblique line of thyroid cartilage
-Insertion: Lower border of greater horn of hyoid
-Function: Either lowers hyoid or elevates larynx,
depending on other muscles
-Innervation: Combination of CN XII (Hypoglossal) and Spinal nerves
Transverse Arytenoid muscle (TA) (function, location, origin and insertion)
intrinsic adductor, AKA transverse interarytenoid
-Function: Contraction pulls the middle
edges of the arytenoid cartilaged together tightly for adduction (step 2 glottal cycle)
-Origin: Lateral margin of posterior
arytenoid
-Insertion: Lateral margin of opposite
arytenoid
-location: Horizontally (laterally) across
backs of arytenoids
intrinsic muscles (location and function)
-Origin and insertion on
the laryngeal
cartilages (within the
larynx)
-Have a variety of
functions for
controlling phonation
extrinsic muscles (location and function)
-Origin and/or insertion
elsewhere (outside the
larynx)
-Function to stabilize
larynx and/or move
the larynx up/down
Adductors
-function to bring vocal folds together and the arytenoid cartilages together which closes the glottis
-include the lateral cricoarytenoids (LCA), the transverse Arytenoid (TA) and the oblique Arytenoid (OA)
tensors
-function: tense vocal folds
-include cricothyroids (CT), thyrovocalis (part of thyriarytenoid)
relaxor
includes the thyromuscularis
Valleculae
space between tongue and
epiglottis, collects saliva. formed by the membrane between the tongue and
the epiglottis folds to protect the airway from food or liquid
abduction
includes posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. Process of the vocal folds coming apart terminating phonation
intrinsic v extrinsic muscles
Intrinsic muscles control phonation and have both origin and attachment points
within the larynx. Extrinsic muscles have one connection point outside the larynx to stabilize it
and either elevate or depress the larynx itself, do not work on phonation
Primary arytenoid movement
Rocking and gliding: rocking in to adductor vocal folds rock out to abduct vocal folds- glide forward to shorten vocal folds glide back to lengthen folds which increase frequency
