exam 4: neuro Flashcards
cerebrum lobes
-five lobes
1)four lobes mirror anatomy of skull; frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
2)insular lobe; Deep to frontal,
parietal and temporal
lobes
insula lobe of cerebrum
-involved with perception of self and
body states, motor planning and
speech gestures
subcortex: basal ganglia
-paired structure
-related to control/coordination of movement and initation of movement
-strong connections to thalamus, motor cortex and somatosensory cortex
-white matter connections between cortex and brainstem;pass through basal ganglia
subcortex: hippo campus
-paired structure
-implicated in memory function
-communicates with thalamus and temporal lobe
subcortex: thalamus
-paired structure sitauted at the top of the brainstem above the midbrain
-part of the third ventricle
-The part of the limbic system that is the pathway for almost allspecial senses
-final common relay station for sensory info directed toward cerebral cortex
-all sensation; except olfaction, passes through thalamus
brainstem
The origin for most cranial nerves, made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
brainstem: pons
Connects motor planning centers of brain to
cerebellum
brainstem: medulla
Consists primarily of transmission pathways
1) Pyramidal tract – carries signals to muscles; initiation of movement
from cortex
2) Pyramidal decussation – motor commands
from one hemisphere cross to serve the
opposite side of the body (juncture for
contralateral organization)
brainstem: midbrain
-Connecting link between lower and higher
brain centers
-Connects cerebellum to cerebrum and basal
ganglia
- Relays auditory and visual information
central nervous sytsem CNS includes
the brain; all encased in bone
1)Cerebrum (cerebral cortex)
2)Cerebellum
3)Subcortical structures
4)Brainstem
5)Spinal cord
peripheral nervous sytem PNS includes
Most components outside of bone
1)Cranial nerves
2)Spinal nerves
3)Sensory receptors
Cerebrum; miningeal lining layers
1)Dura-two- layers of tough lining attached mostly to skull, most superficial!
2)Arachnoid- lacey-web like lining w/ space for blood vessells. Loose connection between skull and brain. Beneach is thecerebrospinal fluid
3)Pia matter- thin fascia-like covering, closely follows contours of the brain
FUNCTION: protect the brain, hold structures in place, provides support to brain structures
ventricles
-lateral ventricles: paired, four spaces bound superiorly by corpus callosum
-3rd ventricles; located between left and right thalami and hypothalami
-4th ventricle: diamond shaped, projects upward from central canal of spinal cord
FUNCTION: communicating cavities where cerebrospinal fluidis created
cerebellum lobes
1) Anterior-controls muscle tone operating against gravity
2) Middle-coordinates fine moror adjustments
3) flocculonodular-communicates with the vestibular system corrdinates body position in space
cerebellum
An area in the posterior section of the brain that is responsible for coordinating motor movements with sensory input
gyri (landmark) of cerebrum
ridges (outfoldings)
sulci (landmark) of cerebrym
valleys (infoldings)
fissures
deeper, more pronounced sulci
aphasia
Loss of language ability due to
cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in a language area (usually left hemisphere)
brocas aphasia
A disorder that impacts language production/speech from damage in front lobe, though comprehension is less affected; understands cant fully respond
wernickes aphasia
poor comprehension but fluent
speech (syntax) (though often lacking in content or nonsensical) from damage in left temporal lobe; can respond but makes no sense/no comprehension
dysarthia
Weakness, paralysis or incoordination of the
muscles involved in speech due to damage to
neuromotor pathways; A disorder that impacts speech production because the
muscles do not receive the correct signals (spastic, flaccid,
etc)
apraxia/dyspraxia
A disorder that impacts speech production because the brain cannot plan or organize movements correctly
temporal lobe
The lobe of the brain that primarily deals with auditory processing; receptive language
Parietal Lobe
The lobe of the brain that primarily deals with sensory integration; Location for somatic (body)
sensory reception
Supramarginal Gyrus and Angular
Gyrus
involved in reading and writing; in the parietal lobe
Frontal Lobe
The lobe of the brain that primarily deals with personality and motor functions
Occipital Lobe
The lobe of the brain that primarily deals with vision
insular Lobe
The lobe of the brain that primarily deals with self perception and integrates with the limbic system
motor (efferent) neurons
-Carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery
-Located within the brainstem or spinal cord
sensory (afferent) neurons
-Carry information from the periphery and
communicate that with the CNS
pyramidal tract
Part of the somatic nervous system that controls the conscious initiation of movement (arises from motor strip)
EXTRApyramidal tract
Part of the somatic nervous system that controls supporting functions of conscious movement like balance, muscle tone (arises from pre motor strip)
Wernicke’s area (# 22)
receptive language; An area in the posterior section of the temporal lobe that is
primarily responsible for language comprehension
brocas area
An area in the inferior section of the frontal lobe that is primarily responsible for language production;
somato sensory strip
An area in the parietal lobe responsible for mapping general sensation throughout the body
somatic nervous system
Aspects that are under voluntary
control; includes pyramidal and extrapyrimidal tract
central sulcus
The division between the frontal and parietal lobes
Lateral Sulcus
The division between the frontal and temporal lobes
Supplementary Motor Area
An area in the frontal lobe responsible for helping secondary aspects of motor plans
premotor cortex
planning movements
gray matter
CORTEX; Outer surface of the brain
Superficial areas of the CNS that are NOT
myelinated
2-4 mm thick
Comprised of 6 cell layers
white matter
-White matter connects one region of the
cerebrum to another and to lower brain
centers
-“White” because of myelinated axons
-Deep areas of the CNS that are myelinated
Ipsilateral Organization
When an area of the CNS controls the SAME side of the body
(left-to-left)
example; spinal cord
corpus collosum
Commissural fibers that are the main connection between the
left and right hemispheres
Arcuate Fascilicus
Long association fibers that connect Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
brodmanns areas related to specfic functions
-Heschl’s gyrus (Area 41): All auditory information is projected here
-Area 42: Higher order processing region for auditory stimulation
-Wernicke’s area (Area 22):Damage here results in disturbances of spoken language decoding
brodmanns area 44
Frontal Operculum (Broca’s Area 44)
Speech motor planning
