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A&P > exam 3: anatomy and physiology of articulation and resonance > Flashcards

exam 3: anatomy and physiology of articulation and resonance Flashcards

1
Q

source filter theory

A

-a sound source is created by constricting the expiratory air flow from the lungs (in larynx of oral cavity-stop burst, frication)
- the sound source is modified by the vocal tract, which acts as a sound fikter

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2
Q

characteristics of source filter theory

A

1) large=Low frequency, small-high frequency

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3
Q

velum

A

-mobile and active articulator (also passive)

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4
Q

mandible (jaw)

A

-mobile and active articulator

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5
Q

lips

A

-mobile and active articulator

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6
Q

tongue divisions

A

-Tip: By the teeth
-Blade: Below alveolar ridge
-Dorsum: Below hard palate
-Body: Not the surface
-Root: Below soft palate

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7
Q

mandible

A

-only movable bone of the face;-U-shaped lower jaw
-active/mobile articulator
-corpus and ramus

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8
Q

maxillae

A

-bone of the face; upper jaw
-two fused bones; part of nasal cavity/palate
-includes the palatine, zygomatic, frontal, and alveolar processes

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9
Q

nasal bones

A

-face bane: bridge of nose
-lateral connection to frontal process of maxillae
-posterior connections to the ethmoid and nasal septum

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10
Q

palatine bones

A

-posterior section of nasal cavity and palate
-sort of extension of maxillae
-horizontal plate is the posteror hard palate
-perpendicular pate forms the posterior lateral wall of the nasal cavity

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11
Q

vomer

A

-facial bone
-midline bone that divides nasal cavity in half
-makes p inferior and posterior part of nasal septum

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12
Q

zygomatic bone

A

-facial bone; cheeck bone
-inclused the maxillary, frontal, and temporal processes

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13
Q

incisor dentition (shape, functio)

A

eight in total, tear off food

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14
Q

cuspid dentition (shape, functio)

A

aka canines, four in total

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15
Q

bicuspid dentition (shape, functio)

A

two points, eight in total

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16
Q

molar dentition (shape, functio)

A

twelve in total

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17
Q

the three tubes of the cocal tract where resonance can occur according to the source-filter theory

A

nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx

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18
Q

mobile articulators (active)

A

 Tongue
 Epiglottis
 Jaw (mandible)
 Velum (soft palate)
 Lips/cheeks
 Larynx/hyoid bone

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19
Q

immobile articulators (passive)

A

 Alveolar ridge
 Hard palate
 Teeth
Velum
 Posterior pharyngeal wall

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20
Q

mandible

A

-resting location for the tongue;attachment point for tongue muscles
-only moveable bone in the face skeleton

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21
Q

superior longitudinal (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

A

-intrinsic tongue muscle; upper length of tongue
-functions to elevate/retract tip of tongue
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus
-/t,s, l/

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22
Q

inferior longitudinal (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

A

-intrinsic tongue muscle
-functions to lower length of the tongue, curls (depresses) tip down
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus
-sometimes used for /ʃ/

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23
Q

transverse muscle (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

A

-intrinsic tongue muscle
-center of tongue out
-functions to compress (narrow) sides of tongue
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus

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24
Q

vertical muscle (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

A

-intrinsic tongue muscle
-base of tongue u-
-functions to flatten tongue, compress tongue downward
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus

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25
Q

Genioglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

A

-extrinsic tongue muscle
-functions to pull tongue down and forward
-mandible to length
of tongue

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26
Q

Hyoglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

A

-extrinsic tongue muscle
-pulls sides if tonges down
-hyoid to sides of
tongue

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27
Q

Styloglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

A

-extrinsic tongue muscle
-temporal bone to
inferior tongue
-pulls tongue body up and back

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28
Q

Palatoglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

A

-Extrinsic tongue muscle
-attaches to velum
-pulls up the tongue

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29
Q

Masseter (function and location)

A

-mandibular muscle that is most superfical
-from zygomatic bone to ramus of mandible
-functions to close jaw at molars innervated by CNV trigeminal

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30
Q

Temporalis (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

A

-mandibular muscle that looks like afan from cranial bones, under arch, to mandivle,
-functions to lift jaw back CNV trigeminal

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31
Q

Medial pterygoid (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

A

-mandibular muscle that acts as a mini masseter by closing jaw at molars, runs on the inside of mandible
-elevates mandible and moves mandible laterally CNV

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32
Q

Lateral pterygoid (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

A

-mandibular muscle from the sphenoid to the top of the mandible
-functions to pull the jaw forward CNV

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33
Q

Digastric (function and location)

A

-mandibular and hyoid muscle
-anterior and posterior bellies (CNV and VIII) meet at hyoid
-function to open jaw

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34
Q

Mylohyoid (function and location)

A

-mandibular and hyoid muscle
- floor of mouth, connects to hyoid,
-functions to open jaw and elevate floor of mouth
-CNV

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35
Q

Geniohyoid (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

A

-Mandibular and hyoid muscle
-associated with tongue. center floor of mouuth
-opens jaw, elevated hyoid depresses mandible
-CNXII hypoglossus

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36
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

-bone of the skull
-Part of nasal septum (with
vomer) upper posterior nasal cavity
- Not visible without removing
other parts
-included perpendicular plate

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37
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

-bone of the skull
-Butterfly-shaped with wings.
Attachment for many other
bones/muscles
-superior part of nasal septum
-2 greater wings: extend laterally and anteriorly to articulate with the frontal and temporal bones and form part of skull
-2 lesser wings: extend superiorly and laterally to form channels for optic nerves
2 inferiorly directed pterygoid processes: Lateral and medial
pterygoid plates extend inferiorly from the greater wings, and
provide a point of attachment for the lateral and medial pterygoid
muscles

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38
Q

Frontal bone

A

-bone of skull
- Forehead and top of eye
sockets

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39
Q

Parietal bones

A

-bone of skull
-Top/sides of head
-Two bones joined at sagittal
suture

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40
Q

Occipital bones

A

-bone of skull
-Back of head, Forms the posterior and inferior wall of the skull
-Foramen magnum: hole for
spinal cord

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41
Q

Temporal bones

A

-bones of skull
-Bottom sides of head
- Squamous, mastoid, tympanic
portions
- Zygomatic, styloid, mastoid
processes

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42
Q

Orbicularis oris (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

A

-face muscle that surrounds the lips
-functions to act like a drawstring to close/purse lips
-origin: corner of lips
-insertion: opposite corner of lips
-VII facial cranial nerve

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43
Q

Risorius (function, location)

A

-face muscle that originates from side of masseter and courses forward along side face to insert into corner of mouth where lips and orbicularis oris muscles meet
-functions to pull at the corner of the mouth for smiling and grinning and used to move cheeks while chewing

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44
Q

Buccinator (function, location)

A

-face muscle that originates behind ramus of mandible and mylohyoid line and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to move the cheeks while chewing

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45
Q

Levator labii superioris (function, location)

A

-face muscle that originates from infraorbital margin of maxilla and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to raise upper lip and flare nostril

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46
Q

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (function and location) FIND PIC

A

-face muscle that originates from the frontal process of maxilla and inserts at the superior orbicularis oris
-functions to elevate the middle of the upper lip

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47
Q

Zygomatic minor (function and location)

A

-face muscle that originates from the facial surface of the zygomatic bone and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to elevate the upper lip

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48
Q

Levator anguli oris (function and location)

A

-face muscle that is deep to levator labii superior and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to elevate the lips

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49
Q

Zygomatic major (function and location)

A

-face muscle that originates from the zygomatic bone lateral to zygomatic minor and inserts into corner of OO
-functions to draw corners of lips up laterally, smiling

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50
Q

Depressor labii inferioris (function and location)

A

-face muscle that originates from the mandible lateral to mental symphysis and inserts at lateral inferior OO
-functions to draw lips down and in (pout or frown)

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51
Q

Depressor anguli oris (function and location)

A

-face musclethat originates from obliue line of mansible and inderts into corners of OO
-functions to depress angle of lip (frown)

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52
Q

Mentalis (function, origin, insertion)

A

-face muscle that originates from the incisive fossa of mandible and inserts at chin
-functions to wrinkle chin and protrude the lower lip

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53
Q

Platysma (function and location)

A

-face muscle that originates from the cervical fascia of pectoral region and inserts at the lower mandible
-functions to depress the manible

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54
Q

Levator veli palatini (function and location)

A

-velar muscle (elevator) that makes up most of the body of the velum; originates in the inner temporal bone and wall of eustachian tube and inserts into soft palate
-function: elevates soft palate vertically and posteriorly

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55
Q

musculus uvulae (function and location)

A

-velar muscle; posterior tip of the velum called the uvula; originates from posterior soft palate (palatine bone) and inserts into mucous membrane
-functions to contract and shorten the soft palat

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56
Q

tensor veli palatini (function and location)

A

-velar muscle that originates at the medial sphenoid and the eustachian tube wall and inserts and coursed down
-functions to contract and open the eustachian tube which equalizes pressure in the middle ear and TENSES velum
-CN V trigemenial

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57
Q

palatoglossus (function and location)

A

-velar muscle (aka glossopalatine) originates at the soft palate and inserts into the posterior sides of the tongue
-functions to either lower the soft palate or raise the tongue tip up and back

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58
Q

palatopharyngeus (function and location)

A

-velar muscle that originates from the hard palate and midline of the soft palate and courses laterally and down and becomes part of the sides of the pharynx to insert into posterior margin of the thyroid cartilage
-functions to lower the palate, but can also narrow the pharynx, or elevate the larynx

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59
Q

superior pharyngeal constrictor (function and location)

A

-pharyngeal constrictor muscle that originates between the sphenoid and mandible and inserts into the median pharyngeal raphe
-functions to pull the pharyngeal wall forward, assists levator veli palatini in closing velum, also constricts upper pharynx for swallow
FIRST TO CONSTRICT

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60
Q

middle pharyngeal (function and location)

A

-pharyngeal constrictor muscle which originates from the horns of the hyoid and the stylohyoid ligament and inserts into the median pharyngeal raphe
-functions to reduce the diameter of the oropharynx, constricting it

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61
Q

inferior pharyngeal constrictor (cricopharyngeus) (function and location)

A

-pharyngeal constrictor muscle that originates from the lamina of the cricoid cartilage and oblique line of the thyroid lamina
-cricopharyngeal muscle which courses back and inserts into the orifice of the esophagus; functions to control the opening of the esophagus

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62
Q

salpingopharyngeus (function and location)

A

-pharyngeal muscle that originates from the eustachian tube in the nasopharynx and inserts by coursing doward and joins the palatopharyngeus at the medial palatal raphe
-funcions to elevate the lateral pharyngeal wall

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63
Q

stylopharyngeus (function and location)

A

-pharyngeal muscle that originates from the styoid process of the temporal bone and inserts into the superior and middle constrictors, and posterior thyroid cartilage
-functions to assist in elevating and opening the pharynx, also has a role in swallowing

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64
Q

oral cavity (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)

A

-teeth, faucial pillars, hard palate, tongue

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65
Q

nasal cavity (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)

A

-cranial bones, hard palate, velum (raised)

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66
Q

pharyngeal cavity(location, boundaries, structures surrounding)

A

-inclused, nasopharynx, oropharynx and aryngopharynx

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67
Q

nasopharynx (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)

A

-velum to nasal cavity, includes eustachian tube

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68
Q

oropharynx (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)

A

-velum to hyoid

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69
Q

laryngopharynx (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)

A

-hyoid/epiglottis to esophagus

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70
Q

Landmarks of the pinna (function)

A

-the ear
-structure provided with cartilaginous framework
-collector of sound that is processed in the middle ear and cochela AKA auricle

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71
Q

tympanic membrane (TB) (function)

A

-AKA the eardrum, separation for the outer and middle ear
-oval shaped, 10 mm in diameter and 55 square mm
-functions: responsible for initiating and directing and altering the mechanical electric current process of the middle ear
-three layers of epithelium: outer, inner, and middle (strong tissue)

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72
Q

three layers of epithelium in the TM

A

1) outer layer: continuous with the external auditory meatus epithelium (EAM)
2)middle layer: fibrous (strong and tight) tissue
3) inner layer: continuous with middle ear cavity

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73
Q

ossicles (function)

A

-includes the three smallest of the bones that make up the middle ear, held in place by ligaments; free movement
-functions to transmit energy from the TM to the inner ear
1) malleus (bigest)
2) Incus -shaped line anvil
3) stapes (smallest)

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74
Q

membraneous labrinths (function)

A

-membraneous: filled with endolymph fluid, entrance to inner ear, contains cochlea;sense organ of hearing and semicircular canals (balance and sense of body in space)

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75
Q

bony labrinth

A

-bony: contains inner ear structures, densest bone in body

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76
Q

vestibular system (function)

A

-within the inner ear
-sensor for balance

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77
Q

osseous semicircular canals head movements

A

-Superior (anterior):
 Lateral rotational movement (i.e., head to shoulder)
-Lateral (horizontal):
 Rotational movement in transverse plane (i.e., “no”)
-dPosterior:
 Anterior-posterior movement (i.e., “yes”)

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78
Q

cochlea (MORE)

A

-sense organ of hearing
-has two layers

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79
Q

stapedius muscle (function)

A

-functions to contract rotate/pull stapes posteriorly; stiffens chain
-6 mm long, Facial Nerve 7
-embedded in bone of posterior wall (only tendon seen)
-pulls the most medial bone

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80
Q

tensor tympani (function)

A

-functions to pull malleus anteriorly and medially, tenses the TM; reduces how far TM can move
-also pulls malleus anteriorly and medially
-originates from auditory tube and greater wing of sphenoid bone, longer muscle
-pulls most distal bone

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81
Q

tensor tympani and stapedius muscle together

A

-it pulls ossicles anteriorly
-stapedius pulls posteriory
-reduses total range of movement of ossicles
-protects from low frequencies not high

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82
Q

organ of corti

A

-part of the cochlea
-sensory organ of hearing within the INNER ear
-four rows of hair cells separated by tunnel of corti

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83
Q

inner hair cells

A
  • one row of inner hair cells within the organ of corti
    -each connected and innervated to ten vestibucochlear (VIII) nerve fibers
    -maintaining the primary role of auditory signal transduction; approximately 3,500
    -IHC brush against the tectoral membrane
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84
Q

outer hair cells

A

-three rows of hair cells within the organ of corti; approximately 12,000
-attach into the tectoral membrane

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85
Q

scala media

A

-part of the cochlea
-Middle space of the cochlea created by the membranous labyrinth, filled with endolymph-sensory organ for hearing

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86
Q

scala tympani

A

-one of the two chambers of the cochlea

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87
Q

scala vestibuli

A

-one of the two chambers of the cochlea

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88
Q

inner ear

A

1) balance system (vestibule and semicircular canals)
2)hearing system (cochlea)
3) intefrated into two layers: oseeous lanrynth and mebraneous labrynth
FUNCTION: converts sounds to electric code (mechanical energy)

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89
Q

middle ear

A

1) TM
2)ossicular chain; transmit acoustic energy from TM to inner ear
3)stapedius and tensory tympani muscle
FUNCTION: provides match between the low impedance of air and the high impedance of endolymph (mechanical energy)

90
Q

outer ear (external auditory meatus)

A

-protects middle and inner ear
-terminates at the TM
-outer 1/3 cartilage
-resonating cavity that contributed ot hearing
FUNCTION: collects and shapes sounds (acoustic energy)

91
Q

oval window

A

Communicates between scala vestibuli and middle ear space

92
Q

round window

A

-cochlea openings communicates between scala tympani and middle ear

93
Q

basilar membrane

A

-the floor of scala media; separates scala media from scala tympani, organ of corti is on this membrane

94
Q

reissner membrane

A

separates the perilymph of the scala vestibuli and the endolympj of the scala media

95
Q

cochlear duct aka scalia media

A

-between scala vestibuli and scala tympani
-houses sensory apparatus for hearing

96
Q

mastication

A

-preparation of food for swallowing
-involves oral muscles, teeth, all articulators

97
Q

deglutition

A

-process of swallowing
-velum raised to close off nasa cavity
-epiglottic lowers and larynx raises to close off path to lungs
-vocal folds adduct
-pharyngeal constrictors proel bolus down pharynx into esophagus

98
Q

dysphagia

A

-disorder of swallowing at any stage of the process

99
Q

bolus

A

-ball of liquid created by mix of food and saliva

100
Q

rooting reflex

A

-Tactile stimulation of lips or cheek results in infant head turn (toward source) and opening of mouth

101
Q

suckling reflex

A

-Tactile stimulation of inner lips results in tongue
protrusion and retraction

102
Q

characteristics of infant swallowing

A

-velum licks into space between epiglottis and tongue
-infant can breathe while swallowing
-compared to adults: smaller oral cavity, hyoid elevated and foward, larynx and epiglottic elevated at birth
-velum larger than adults and hang down to contact epglottis
-smaller pharynx

103
Q

as infant matures the development of swalloing includes

A

1) larynx and epiglottis drop
2)oral cavity grows
3)teeth emerge- prompts chewing and grinding

104
Q

swallowing stage: oral

A

-food prepared for swallowing
-lips sealed (orbicularis oris, mentalis) (VII)
-tongue pulled up and back, velum is down
-leaves nasopharynx open
-action of styloglossus and palatoglossus
BABIES DO NOT HAVE THIS STAGE ( no teeth)

105
Q

muscles involved in oral prepatroy stage

A

-mandibular muscles for chewing (masseter, temporalis, medial and laterl pterygoid (V)
-Digastric (V, VII), geniohyoid (XI)
Cheek muscles: buccinator and risorius (VII)
-Tongue muscles for maneuvering bolus:
-All intrinsic muscles (XII)
-Extrinsic muscles to maneuver tongue body – hyoglossus, genioglossus,
styloglossus (XII)
-Mylohyoid to support tongue (V)

106
Q

oral transit stage

A

-inituation of deglution
-mastication ceases
-mandible raises
-posteriod tongue lowered, anterior elevates agaisnt hard palate
-squeezing action

107
Q

pharyngeal stage

A

-airway protection
1) true and false vocal folds close
2)Lower vestibule closes via arytenoids pulling medially
and anteriorly
4) Upper vestibule closes via epiglottis dropping

108
Q

pharyngeal stage: pressure and bolus movement

A

-soft palate elevated
-hyoud and larynx elevate, move forwars
-tongue moves posteriorly and increases in pressure to carry bolus back to oropharynx, pharynx elevates and OPENS
-bolus passes haryngoesophageal (PE) segment,
clears larynx, PE closes, larynx and velum lower

109
Q

pharyngeal stage: muscles

A

-Elevation, tensing of soft palate: Levator veli palatini,
musculus uvulae (X, XI)
-Vocal fold adduction: Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse and
oblique arytenoid (X)
- Depression of epiglottis: Aryepiglottic (X)
-Elevation of hyoid/larynx: Stylohyoid, hyoglossus, thyrohyoid (VII), mylohyoid (V), digastric (V, VII), geniohyoid (XII)

110
Q

esophageal stage

A

-bolus travels down to lower esophageal segment
-combo of gravity and perisaltic contraction of lower esophageal schpincter–>controls entry into stomach, prefenting reflux

111
Q

reflexive circuits for mastication and deglutition

A

-chewing rooting, sucking, gag, vomit, cough, tongue elevation retraction, pain and respiration

112
Q

-a sound source is created by constricting the expiratory air flow from the lungs (in larynx of oral cavity-stop burst, frication)
- the sound source is modified by the vocal tract, which acts as a sound fikter

A

source filter theory

113
Q

1) large=Low frequency, small-high frequency

A

characteristics of source filter theory

114
Q

-mobile and active articulator (also passive)

A

velum

115
Q

-mobile and active articulator

A

mandible (jaw)

116
Q

-mobile and active articulator

A

lips

117
Q

-Tip: By the teeth
-Blade: Below alveolar ridge
-Dorsum: Below hard palate
-Body: Not the surface
-Root: Below soft palate

A

tongue divisions

118
Q

-only movable bone of the face;-U-shaped lower jaw
-active/mobile articulator
-corpus and ramus

A

mandible

119
Q

-bone of the face; upper jaw
-two fused bones; part of nasal cavity/palate
-includes the palatine, zygomatic, frontal, and alveolar processes

A

maxillae

120
Q

-face bone: bridge of nose
-lateral connection to frontal process of maxillae
-posterior connections to the ethmoid and nasal septum

A

nasal bones

121
Q

-posterior section of nasal cavity and palate
-sort of extension of maxillae
-horizontal plate is the posteror hard palate
-perpendicular pate forms the posterior lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

palatine bones

122
Q

-facial bone
-midline bone that divides nasal cavity in half
-makes p inferior and posterior part of nasal septum

A

vomer

123
Q

-facial bone; cheeck bone
-inclused the maxillary, frontal, and temporal processes

A

zygomatic bone

124
Q

eight in total, tear off food

A

incisor dentition (shape, functio)

125
Q

aka canines, four in total

A

cuspid dentition (shape, functio)

126
Q

two points, eight in total

A

bicuspid dentition (shape, functio)

127
Q

twelve in total

A

molar dentition (shape, functio)

128
Q

nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx

A

the three tubes of the cocal tract where resonance can occur according to the source-filter theory

129
Q

 Tongue
 Epiglottis
 Jaw (mandible)
 Velum (soft palate)
 Lips/cheeks
 Larynx/hyoid bone

A

mobile articulators (active)

130
Q

 Alveolar ridge
 Hard palate
 Teeth
Velum
 Posterior pharyngeal wall

A

immobile articulators (passive)

131
Q

-resting location for the tongue;attachment point for tongue muscles
-only moveable bone in the face skeleton

A

mandible

132
Q

-intrinsic tongue muscle; upper length of tongue
-functions to elevate/retract tip of tongue
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus
-/t,s, l/
-origin/insertion within
the tongue

A

superior longitudinal (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

133
Q

-intrinsic tongue muscle
-functions to lower length of the tongue, curls (depresses) tip down
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus
-sometimes used for /ʃ/

A

inferior longitudinal (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

134
Q

-intrinsic tongue muscle
-center of tongue out
-functions to compress (narrow) sides of tongue
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus

A

transverse muscle (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

135
Q

-intrinsic tongue muscle
-base of tongue up
-functions to flatten tongue, compress tongue downward
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus

A

vertical muscle (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

136
Q

-extrinsic tongue muscle
-functions to pull tongue down and forward
-mandible to length
of tongue

A

Genioglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

137
Q

-extrinsic tongue muscle
-pulls sides if tonges down
-hyoid to sides of
tongue

A

Hyoglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

138
Q

-extrinsic tongue muscle
-temporal bone to
inferior tongue
-pulls tongue body up and back

A

Styoglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

139
Q

-Extrinsic tongue muscle
-attaches to velum (also velum muscle)
-pulls up the tongue

A

Palatoglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

140
Q

-mandibular muscle that is most superfical
-from zygomatic bone to ramus of mandible
-functions to close jaw /lift mandible at molars innervated by CNV trigeminal

A

Masseter (function and location)

141
Q

-mandibular muscle that looks like afan from cranial bones, under arch, to mandivle,
-functions to lift jaw back CNV trigeminal

A

Temporalis (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

142
Q

-mandibular muscle that acts as a mini masseter by closing jaw at molars, runs on the inside of mandible
-elevates mandible and moves mandible laterally CNV

A

Medial pterygoid (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

143
Q

-mandibular muscle from the sphenoid to the top of the mandible
-functions to pull the jaw forward CNV

A

Lateral pterygoid (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

144
Q

-mandibular and hyoid muscle
-anterior and posterior bellies (CNV and VIII) meet at hyoid
-function to open jaw

A

Digastric (function and location)

145
Q

-mandibular and hyoid muscle
- floor of mouth, connects to hyoid,
-functions to open jaw and elevate floor of mouth
-CNV

A

Mylohyoid (function and location)

146
Q

-Mandibular and hyoid muscle
-associated with tongue. center floor of mouuth
-opens jaw, elevated hyoid depresses mandible
-CNXII hypoglossus

A

Geniohyoid (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

147
Q

-bone of the skull
-Part of nasal septum (with
vomer) upper posterior nasal cavity
- Not visible without removing
other parts
-included perpendicular plate

A

Ethmoid bone

148
Q

-bone of the skull
-Butterfly-shaped with wings.
Attachment for many other
bones/muscles
-superior part of nasal septum
-2 greater wings: extend laterally and anteriorly to articulate with the frontal and temporal bones and form part of skull
-2 lesser wings: extend superiorly and laterally to form channels for optic nerves
2 inferiorly directed pterygoid processes: Lateral and medial
pterygoid plates extend inferiorly from the greater wings, and
provide a point of attachment for the lateral and medial pterygoid
muscles

A

Sphenoid bone

149
Q

-bone of skull
- Forehead and top of eye
sockets

A

Frontal bone

150
Q

-bone of skull
-Top/sides of head
-Two bones joined at sagittal
suture

A

Parietal bones

151
Q

-bone of skull
-Back of head, Forms the posterior and inferior wall of the skull
-Foramen magnum: hole for
spinal cord

A

Occipital bones

152
Q

-bones of skull
-Bottom sides of head
- Squamous, mastoid, tympanic
portions
- Zygomatic, styloid, mastoid
processes

A

Temporal bones

153
Q

-face muscle that surrounds the lips
-functions to act like a drawstring to close/purse lips
-origin: corner of lips
-insertion: opposite corner of lips
-VII facial cranial nerve

A

Orbicularis oris (function, origin, insertion, innervation)

154
Q

-face muscle that originates from side of masseter and courses forward along side face to insert into corner of mouth where lips and orbicularis oris muscles meet
-functions to pull at the corner of the mouth for smiling and grinning and used to move cheeks while chewing

A

Risorius (function, location)

155
Q

-face muscle that originates behind ramus of mandible and mylohyoid line and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to move the cheeks while chewing

A

Buccinator (function, location)

156
Q

-face muscle that originates from infraorbital margin of maxilla and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to raise upper lip and flare nostril

A

Levator labii superioris (function, location)

157
Q

-face muscle that originates from the frontal process of maxilla and inserts at the superior orbicularis oris
-functions to elevate the middle of the upper lip

A

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (function and location) FIND PIC

158
Q

-face muscle that originates from the facial surface of the zygomatic bone and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to elevate the upper lip

A

Zygomatic minor (function and location)

159
Q

-face muscle that is deep to levator labii superior and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to elevate the lips

A

Levator anguli oris (function and location)

160
Q

-face muscle that originates from the zygomatic bone lateral to zygomatic minor and inserts into corner of OO
-functions to draw corners of lips up laterally, smiling

A

Zygomatic major (function and location)

161
Q

-face muscle that originates from the mandible lateral to mental symphysis and inserts at lateral inferior OO
-functions to draw lips down and in (pout or frown)

A

Depressor labii inferioris (function and location)

162
Q

-face musclethat originates from obliue line of mansible and inderts into corners of OO
-functions to depress angle of lip (frown)

A

Depressor anguli oris (function and location)

163
Q

-face muscle that originates from the incisive fossa of mandible and inserts at chin
-functions to wrinkle chin and protrude the lower lip

A

Mentalis (function, origin, insertion)

164
Q

-face muscle that originates from the cervical fascia of pectoral region and inserts at the lower mandible
-functions to depress the manible

A

Platysma (function and location)

165
Q

-velar muscle (elevator) that makes up most of the body of the velum; originates in the inner temporal bone and wall of eustachian tube and inserts into soft palate
-function: elevates soft palate vertically and posteriorly

A

Levator veli palatini (function and location)

166
Q

-velar muscle; posterior tip of the velum called the uvula; originates from posterior soft palate (palatine bone) and inserts into mucous membrane
-functions to contract and shorten the soft palat

A

musculus uvulae (function and location)

167
Q

-velar muscle that originates at the medial sphenoid and the eustachian tube wall and inserts and coursed down
-functions to contract and open the eustachian tube which equalizes pressure in the middle ear and TENSES velum
-CN V trigemenial

A

tensor veli palatini (function and location)

168
Q

-velar muscle (aka glossopalatine) originates at the soft palate and inserts into the posterior sides of the tongue
-functions to either lower the soft palate or raise the tongue tip up and back

A

palatoglossus (function and location)

169
Q

-velar muscle that originates from the hard PALATE and midline of the soft palate and courses laterally and down and becomes part of the sides of the PHARYNX to insert into posterior margin of the thyroid cartilage
-functions to lower the palate, but can also narrow the pharynx, or elevate the larynx

A

palatopharyngeus (function and location)

170
Q

-pharyngeal constrictor muscle that originates between the sphenoid and mandible and inserts into the median pharyngeal raphe
-functions to pull the pharyngeal wall forward, assists levator veli palatini in closing velum, also constricts upper pharynx for swallow
FIRST TO CONSTRICT

A

superior pharyngeal constrictor (function and location)

171
Q

-pharyngeal constrictor muscle which originates from the horns of the hyoid and the stylohyoid ligament and inserts into the median pharyngeal raphe
-functions to reduce the diameter of the oropharynx, constricting it

A

middle pharyngeal (function and location)

172
Q

-pharyngeal constrictor muscle that originates from the lamina of the cricoid cartilage and oblique line of the thyroid lamina
-cricopharyngeal muscle which courses back and inserts into the orifice of the esophagus; functions to control the opening of the esophagus

A

inferior pharyngeal constrictor (cricopharyngeus) (function and location)

173
Q

-pharyngeal muscle that originates from the eustachian tube in the nasopharynx and inserts by coursing doward and joins the palatopharyngeus at the medial palatal raphe
-funcions to elevate the lateral pharyngeal wall

A

salpingopharyngeus (function and location)

174
Q

-pharyngeal muscle that originates from the styoid process of the temporal bone and inserts into the superior and middle constrictors, and posterior thyroid cartilage
-functions to assist in elevating and opening the pharynx, also has a role in swallowing

A

stylopharyngeus (function and location)

175
Q

-teeth, faucial pillars, hard palate, tongue

A

oral cavity (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)

176
Q

-cranial bones, hard palate, velum (raised)

A

nasal cavity (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)

177
Q

-inclused, nasopharynx, oropharynx and aryngopharynx

A

pharyngeal cavity(location, boundaries, structures surrounding)

178
Q

-velum to nasal cavity, includes eustachian tube

A

nasopharynx (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)

179
Q

-velum to hyoid

A

oropharynx (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)

180
Q

-hyoid/epiglottis to esophagus

A

laryngopharynx (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)

181
Q

-the ear
-structure provided with cartilaginous framework
-collector of sound that is processed in the middle ear and cochela AKA auricle

A

Landmarks of the pinna (function)

182
Q

-AKA the eardrum, separation for the outer and middle ear
-oval shaped, 10 mm in diameter and 55 square mm
-functions: responsible for initiating and directing and altering the mechanical electric current process of the middle ear
-three layers of epithelium: outer, inner, and middle (strong tissue)

A

tympanic membrane (TB) (function)

183
Q

1) outer layer: continuous with the external auditory meatus (EAM)
2)middle layer: fibrous (strong and tight) tissue
3) inner layer: continuous with middle ear cavity

A

three layers of epithelium in the TM

184
Q

-includes the three smallest of the bones that make up the middle ear, held in place by ligaments; free movement
-functions to transmit energy from the TM to the inner ear
1) malleus (bigest) attached to TM
2) Incus -shaped line anvil
3) stapes (smallest)

A

ossicles (function)

185
Q

-membraneous: filled with endolymph fluid, entrance to inner ear, contains cochlea;sense organ of hearing and semicircular canals (balance and sense of body in space)

A

membraneous labrinths (function)

186
Q

-bony: contains inner ear structures, densest bone in body

A

bony labrinth

187
Q

-within the inner ear
-sensor for balance

A

vestibular system (function)

188
Q

-Superior (anterior):
 Lateral rotational movement (i.e., head to shoulder)
-Lateral (horizontal):
 Rotational movement in transverse plane (i.e., “no”)
-dPosterior:
 Anterior-posterior movement (i.e., “yes”)

A

osseous semicircular canals head movements

189
Q

-sense organ of hearing
-has two layers

A

cochlea (MORE)

190
Q

-functions to contract rotate/pull stapes posteriorly; stiffens chain
-6 mm long, Facial Nerve 7
-embedded in bone of posterior wall (only tendon seen)
-pulls the most medial bone

A

stapedius muscle (function)

191
Q

-functions to pull malleus anteriorly and medially, tenses the TM; reduces how far TM can move
-also pulls malleus anteriorly and medially
-originates from auditory tube and greater wing of sphenoid bone, longer muscle
-pulls most distal bone

A

tensor tympani (function)

192
Q

-it pulls ossicles anteriorly
-stapedius pulls posteriory
-reduses total range of movement of ossicles
-protects from low frequencies not high

A

tensor tympani and stapedius muscle together

193
Q

-part of the cochlea
-sensory organ of hearing within the inner ear
-four rows of hair cells separated by tunnel of corti

A

organ of corti

194
Q
  • one row of inner hair cells within the organ of corti
    -each connected to ten vestibucochlear (VIII) nerve fibers
    -maintaining the primary role of auditory signal transduction; approximately 3,500
    -IHC brush against the tectoral membrane
A

inner hair cells

195
Q

-three rows of hair cells within the organ of corti; approximately 12,000
-attach into the tectoral membrane
-all innervated by a single CN VIII fiber

A

outer hair cells

196
Q

-part of the cochlea
- a tube placed between scala tympani and scala vestibuli
-sensory organ for hearing
-endolymph is found in here

A

scala media

197
Q

-one of the two chambers of the cochlea
- Peripheral cavity of cochlea (chamber of the osseous cochlear labyrinth) that
communicates with the middle ear via the ROUND WINDOW
-positioned below the scala media, filled with
PERILYMPH

A

scala tympani

198
Q

-one of the two chambers of the cochlea
-Peripheral cavity of the cochlea (chamber of the osseous cochlear labyrinth) that
communicates with the middle ear via the VESTIBULE and OVAL window; positioned superior to the scala
media, filled with PERILYMPH

A

scala vestibuli

199
Q

1) balance system (vestibule and semicircular canals)
2)hearing system (cochlea)
3) intefrated into two layers: oseeous lanrynth and mebraneous labrynth
FUNCTION: converts sounds to electric code (mechanical energy)

A

inner ear

200
Q

1) TM
2)ossicular chain; transmit acoustic energy from TM to inner ear
3)stapedius and tensory tympani muscle
FUNCTION: provides match between the low impedance of air and the high impedance of endolymph (mechanical energy)

A

middle ear

201
Q

-protects middle and inner ear
-terminates at the TM
-outer 1/3 cartilage
-resonating cavity that contributed ot hearing
FUNCTION: collects and shapes sounds (acoustic energy)

A

outer ear (external auditory meatus)

202
Q

-Communicates between scala vestibuli and middle ear space-
-Opening into the scala vestibuli to which the footplate of the stapes is attached; located
in the superior-posterior aspect of the medial wall of the middle ear (or lateral wall of the vestibule, anterior to semicircular canals and posterior to cochlea); permits communication between the scala vestibuli and middle ear space

A

oval window

203
Q

-cochlea openings communicates between scala tympani and middle ear
-Opening between the scala tympani of the inner ear and the middle ear space; located
below the oval window; provides communication between the scala tympani and middle earx

A

round window

204
Q

-the floor of scala media; separates scala media from scala tympani, organ of corti is on this membrane

A

basilar membrane ( think base)

205
Q

separates the perilymph of the scala vestibuli and the endolymph of the scala media

A

reissner membrane

206
Q

-between scala vestibuli and scala tympani
-houses sensory apparatus for hearing

A

cochlear duct aka scalia media

207
Q

-preparation of food for swallowing
-involves oral muscles, teeth, all articulators

A

mastication

208
Q

-process of swallowing
-velum raised to close off nasa cavity
-epiglottic lowers and larynx raises to close off path to lungs
-vocal folds adduct
-pharyngeal constrictors proel bolus down pharynx into esophagus

A

deglutition

209
Q

-disorder of swallowing at any stage of the process

A

dysphagia

210
Q

-ball of liquid created by mix of food and saliva

A

bolus

211
Q

-Tactile stimulation of lips or cheek results in infant head turn (toward source) and opening of mouth

A

rooting reflex

212
Q

-Tactile stimulation of inner lips results in tongue
protrusion and retraction

A

suckling reflex

213
Q

-velum licks into space between epiglottis and tongue
-infant can breathe while swallowing
-compared to adults: smaller oral cavity, hyoid elevated and foward, larynx and epiglottic elevated at birth
-velum larger than adults and hang down to contact epglottis

A

characteristics of infant swallowing

214
Q

1) larynx and epiglottis drop
2)oral cavity grows
3)teeth emerge- prompts chewing and grinding

A

as infant matures the development of swalloing includes

215
Q

-food prepared for swallowing
-lips sealed (orbicularis oris, mentalis) (VII)
-tongue pulled up and back, velum is down
-leaves nasopharynx open
-action of styloglossus and palatoglossus
BABIES DO NOT HAVE THIS STAGE ( no teeth)

A

swallowing stage: oral

216
Q

-mandibular muscles for chewing (masseter, temporalis, medial and laterl pterygoid (V)
-Digastric (V, VII), geniohyoid (XI)
Cheek muscles: buccinator and risorius (VII)
-Tongue muscles for maneuvering bolus:
-All intrinsic muscles (XII)
-Extrinsic muscles to maneuver tongue body – hyoglossus, genioglossus,
styloglossus (XII)
-Mylohyoid to support tongue (V)

A

muscles involved in oral prepatroy stage

217
Q

-inituation of deglution
-mastication ceases
-mandible raises
-posteriod tongue lowered, anterior elevates agaisnt hard palate
-squeezing action

A

oral transit stage

218
Q

-airway protection
1) true and false vocal folds close
2)Lower vestibule closes via arytenoids pulling medially
and anteriorly
4) Upper vestibule closes via epiglottis dropping

A

pharyngeal stage

219
Q

-soft palate elevated
-hyoud and larynx elevate, move forwars
-tongue moves posteriorly and increases in pressure to carry bolus back to oropharynx, pharynx elevates and OPENS
-bolus passes haryngoesophageal (PE) segment,
clears larynx, PE closes, larynx and velum lower

A

pharyngeal stage: pressure and bolus movement

220
Q

-Elevation, tensing of soft palate: Levator veli palatini,
musculus uvulae (X, XI)
-Vocal fold adduction: Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse and
oblique arytenoid (X)
- Depression of epiglottis: Aryepiglottic (X)
-Elevation of hyoid/larynx: Stylohyoid, hyoglossus, thyrohyoid (VII), mylohyoid (V), digastric (V, VII), geniohyoid (XII)

A

pharyngeal stage: muscles

221
Q

-bolus travels down to lower esophageal segment
-combo of gravity and perisaltic contraction of lower esophageal schpincter–>controls entry into stomach, prefenting reflux

A

esophageal stage

222
Q

-chewing rooting, sucking, gag, vomit, cough, tongue elevation retraction, pain and respiration

A

reflexive circuits for mastication and deglutition

A&P (11 decks)

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