exam 3: anatomy and physiology of articulation and resonance Flashcards
1
Q
source filter theory
A
-a sound source is created by constricting the expiratory air flow from the lungs (in larynx of oral cavity-stop burst, frication)
- the sound source is modified by the vocal tract, which acts as a sound fikter
2
Q
characteristics of source filter theory
A
1) large=Low frequency, small-high frequency
3
Q
velum
A
-mobile and active articulator (also passive)
4
Q
mandible (jaw)
A
-mobile and active articulator
5
Q
lips
A
-mobile and active articulator
6
Q
tongue divisions
A
-Tip: By the teeth
-Blade: Below alveolar ridge
-Dorsum: Below hard palate
-Body: Not the surface
-Root: Below soft palate
7
Q
mandible
A
-only movable bone of the face;-U-shaped lower jaw
-active/mobile articulator
-corpus and ramus
8
Q
maxillae
A
-bone of the face; upper jaw
-two fused bones; part of nasal cavity/palate
-includes the palatine, zygomatic, frontal, and alveolar processes
9
Q
nasal bones
A
-face bane: bridge of nose
-lateral connection to frontal process of maxillae
-posterior connections to the ethmoid and nasal septum
10
Q
palatine bones
A
-posterior section of nasal cavity and palate
-sort of extension of maxillae
-horizontal plate is the posteror hard palate
-perpendicular pate forms the posterior lateral wall of the nasal cavity
11
Q
vomer
A
-facial bone
-midline bone that divides nasal cavity in half
-makes p inferior and posterior part of nasal septum
12
Q
zygomatic bone
A
-facial bone; cheeck bone
-inclused the maxillary, frontal, and temporal processes
13
Q
incisor dentition (shape, functio)
A
eight in total, tear off food
14
Q
cuspid dentition (shape, functio)
A
aka canines, four in total
15
Q
bicuspid dentition (shape, functio)
A
two points, eight in total
16
Q
molar dentition (shape, functio)
A
twelve in total
17
Q
the three tubes of the cocal tract where resonance can occur according to the source-filter theory
A
nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx
18
Q
mobile articulators (active)
A
Tongue
Epiglottis
Jaw (mandible)
Velum (soft palate)
Lips/cheeks
Larynx/hyoid bone
19
Q
immobile articulators (passive)
A
Alveolar ridge
Hard palate
Teeth
Velum
Posterior pharyngeal wall
20
Q
mandible
A
-resting location for the tongue;attachment point for tongue muscles
-only moveable bone in the face skeleton
21
Q
superior longitudinal (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
A
-intrinsic tongue muscle; upper length of tongue
-functions to elevate/retract tip of tongue
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus
-/t,s, l/
22
Q
inferior longitudinal (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
A
-intrinsic tongue muscle
-functions to lower length of the tongue, curls (depresses) tip down
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus
-sometimes used for /ʃ/
23
Q
transverse muscle (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
A
-intrinsic tongue muscle
-center of tongue out
-functions to compress (narrow) sides of tongue
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus
24
Q
vertical muscle (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
A
-intrinsic tongue muscle
-base of tongue u-
-functions to flatten tongue, compress tongue downward
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus
25
Genioglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
-extrinsic tongue muscle
-functions to pull tongue down and forward
-mandible to length
of tongue
26
Hyoglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
-extrinsic tongue muscle
-pulls sides if tonges down
-hyoid to sides of
tongue
27
Styloglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
-extrinsic tongue muscle
-temporal bone to
inferior tongue
-pulls tongue body up and back
28
Palatoglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
-Extrinsic tongue muscle
-attaches to velum
-pulls up the tongue
29
Masseter (function and location)
-mandibular muscle that is most superfical
-from zygomatic bone to ramus of mandible
-functions to close jaw at molars innervated by CNV trigeminal
30
Temporalis (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
-mandibular muscle that looks like afan from cranial bones, under arch, to mandivle,
-functions to lift jaw back CNV trigeminal
31
Medial pterygoid (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
-mandibular muscle that acts as a mini masseter by closing jaw at molars, runs on the inside of mandible
-elevates mandible and moves mandible laterally CNV
32
Lateral pterygoid (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
-mandibular muscle from the sphenoid to the top of the mandible
-functions to pull the jaw forward CNV
33
Digastric (function and location)
-mandibular and hyoid muscle
-anterior and posterior bellies (CNV and VIII) meet at hyoid
-function to open jaw
34
Mylohyoid (function and location)
-mandibular and hyoid muscle
- floor of mouth, connects to hyoid,
-functions to open jaw and elevate floor of mouth
-CNV
35
Geniohyoid (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
-Mandibular and hyoid muscle
-associated with tongue. center floor of mouuth
-opens jaw, elevated hyoid depresses mandible
-CNXII hypoglossus
36
Ethmoid bone
-bone of the skull
-Part of nasal septum (with
vomer) upper posterior nasal cavity
- Not visible without removing
other parts
-included perpendicular plate
37
Sphenoid bone
-bone of the skull
-Butterfly-shaped with wings.
Attachment for many other
bones/muscles
-superior part of nasal septum
-2 greater wings: extend laterally and anteriorly to articulate with the frontal and temporal bones and form part of skull
-2 lesser wings: extend superiorly and laterally to form channels for optic nerves
2 inferiorly directed pterygoid processes: Lateral and medial
pterygoid plates extend inferiorly from the greater wings, and
provide a point of attachment for the lateral and medial pterygoid
muscles
38
Frontal bone
-bone of skull
- Forehead and top of eye
sockets
39
Parietal bones
-bone of skull
-Top/sides of head
-Two bones joined at sagittal
suture
40
Occipital bones
-bone of skull
-Back of head, Forms the posterior and inferior wall of the skull
-Foramen magnum: hole for
spinal cord
41
Temporal bones
-bones of skull
-Bottom sides of head
- Squamous, mastoid, tympanic
portions
- Zygomatic, styloid, mastoid
processes
42
Orbicularis oris (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
-face muscle that surrounds the lips
-functions to act like a drawstring to close/purse lips
-origin: corner of lips
-insertion: opposite corner of lips
-VII facial cranial nerve
43
Risorius (function, location)
-face muscle that originates from side of masseter and courses forward along side face to insert into corner of mouth where lips and orbicularis oris muscles meet
-functions to pull at the corner of the mouth for smiling and grinning and used to move cheeks while chewing
44
Buccinator (function, location)
-face muscle that originates behind ramus of mandible and mylohyoid line and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to move the cheeks while chewing
45
Levator labii superioris (function, location)
-face muscle that originates from infraorbital margin of maxilla and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to raise upper lip and flare nostril
46
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (function and location) FIND PIC
-face muscle that originates from the frontal process of maxilla and inserts at the superior orbicularis oris
-functions to elevate the middle of the upper lip
47
Zygomatic minor (function and location)
-face muscle that originates from the facial surface of the zygomatic bone and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to elevate the upper lip
48
Levator anguli oris (function and location)
-face muscle that is deep to levator labii superior and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to elevate the lips
49
Zygomatic major (function and location)
-face muscle that originates from the zygomatic bone lateral to zygomatic minor and inserts into corner of OO
-functions to draw corners of lips up laterally, smiling
50
Depressor labii inferioris (function and location)
-face muscle that originates from the mandible lateral to mental symphysis and inserts at lateral inferior OO
-functions to draw lips down and in (pout or frown)
51
Depressor anguli oris (function and location)
-face musclethat originates from obliue line of mansible and inderts into corners of OO
-functions to depress angle of lip (frown)
52
Mentalis (function, origin, insertion)
-face muscle that originates from the incisive fossa of mandible and inserts at chin
-functions to wrinkle chin and protrude the lower lip
53
Platysma (function and location)
-face muscle that originates from the cervical fascia of pectoral region and inserts at the lower mandible
-functions to depress the manible
54
Levator veli palatini (function and location)
-velar muscle (elevator) that makes up most of the body of the velum; originates in the inner temporal bone and wall of eustachian tube and inserts into soft palate
-function: elevates soft palate vertically and posteriorly
55
musculus uvulae (function and location)
-velar muscle; posterior tip of the velum called the uvula; originates from posterior soft palate (palatine bone) and inserts into mucous membrane
-functions to contract and shorten the soft palat
56
tensor veli palatini (function and location)
-velar muscle that originates at the medial sphenoid and the eustachian tube wall and inserts and coursed down
-functions to contract and open the eustachian tube which equalizes pressure in the middle ear and TENSES velum
-CN V trigemenial
57
palatoglossus (function and location)
-velar muscle (aka glossopalatine) originates at the soft palate and inserts into the posterior sides of the tongue
-functions to either lower the soft palate or raise the tongue tip up and back
58
palatopharyngeus (function and location)
-velar muscle that originates from the hard palate and midline of the soft palate and courses laterally and down and becomes part of the sides of the pharynx to insert into posterior margin of the thyroid cartilage
-functions to lower the palate, but can also narrow the pharynx, or elevate the larynx
59
superior pharyngeal constrictor (function and location)
-pharyngeal constrictor muscle that originates between the sphenoid and mandible and inserts into the median pharyngeal raphe
-functions to pull the pharyngeal wall forward, assists levator veli palatini in closing velum, also constricts upper pharynx for swallow
FIRST TO CONSTRICT
60
middle pharyngeal (function and location)
-pharyngeal constrictor muscle which originates from the horns of the hyoid and the stylohyoid ligament and inserts into the median pharyngeal raphe
-functions to reduce the diameter of the oropharynx, constricting it
61
inferior pharyngeal constrictor (cricopharyngeus) (function and location)
-pharyngeal constrictor muscle that originates from the lamina of the cricoid cartilage and oblique line of the thyroid lamina
-cricopharyngeal muscle which courses back and inserts into the orifice of the esophagus; functions to control the opening of the esophagus
62
salpingopharyngeus (function and location)
-pharyngeal muscle that originates from the eustachian tube in the nasopharynx and inserts by coursing doward and joins the palatopharyngeus at the medial palatal raphe
-funcions to elevate the lateral pharyngeal wall
63
stylopharyngeus (function and location)
-pharyngeal muscle that originates from the styoid process of the temporal bone and inserts into the superior and middle constrictors, and posterior thyroid cartilage
-functions to assist in elevating and opening the pharynx, also has a role in swallowing
64
oral cavity (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)
-teeth, faucial pillars, hard palate, tongue
65
nasal cavity (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)
-cranial bones, hard palate, velum (raised)
66
pharyngeal cavity(location, boundaries, structures surrounding)
-inclused, nasopharynx, oropharynx and aryngopharynx
67
nasopharynx (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)
-velum to nasal cavity, includes eustachian tube
68
oropharynx (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)
-velum to hyoid
69
laryngopharynx (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)
-hyoid/epiglottis to esophagus
70
Landmarks of the pinna (function)
-the ear
-structure provided with cartilaginous framework
-collector of sound that is processed in the middle ear and cochela AKA auricle
71
tympanic membrane (TB) (function)
-AKA the eardrum, separation for the outer and middle ear
-oval shaped, 10 mm in diameter and 55 square mm
-functions: responsible for initiating and directing and altering the mechanical electric current process of the middle ear
-three layers of epithelium: outer, inner, and middle (strong tissue)
72
three layers of epithelium in the TM
1) outer layer: continuous with the external auditory meatus epithelium (EAM)
2)middle layer: fibrous (strong and tight) tissue
3) inner layer: continuous with middle ear cavity
73
ossicles (function)
-includes the three smallest of the bones that make up the middle ear, held in place by ligaments; free movement
-functions to transmit energy from the TM to the inner ear
1) malleus (bigest)
2) Incus -shaped line anvil
3) stapes (smallest)
74
membraneous labrinths (function)
-membraneous: filled with endolymph fluid, entrance to inner ear, contains cochlea;sense organ of hearing and semicircular canals (balance and sense of body in space)
75
bony labrinth
-bony: contains inner ear structures, densest bone in body
76
vestibular system (function)
-within the inner ear
-sensor for balance
77
osseous semicircular canals head movements
-Superior (anterior):
Lateral rotational movement (i.e., head to shoulder)
-Lateral (horizontal):
Rotational movement in transverse plane (i.e., "no”)
-dPosterior:
Anterior-posterior movement (i.e., “yes”)
78
cochlea (MORE)
-sense organ of hearing
-has two layers
79
stapedius muscle (function)
-functions to contract rotate/pull stapes posteriorly; stiffens chain
-6 mm long, Facial Nerve 7
-embedded in bone of posterior wall (only tendon seen)
-pulls the most medial bone
80
tensor tympani (function)
-functions to pull malleus anteriorly and medially, tenses the TM; reduces how far TM can move
-also pulls malleus anteriorly and medially
-originates from auditory tube and greater wing of sphenoid bone, longer muscle
-pulls most distal bone
81
tensor tympani and stapedius muscle together
-it pulls ossicles anteriorly
-stapedius pulls posteriory
-reduses total range of movement of ossicles
-protects from low frequencies not high
82
organ of corti
-part of the cochlea
-sensory organ of hearing within the INNER ear
-four rows of hair cells separated by tunnel of corti
83
inner hair cells
- one row of inner hair cells within the organ of corti
-each connected and innervated to ten vestibucochlear (VIII) nerve fibers
-maintaining the primary role of auditory signal transduction; approximately 3,500
-IHC brush against the tectoral membrane
84
outer hair cells
-three rows of hair cells within the organ of corti; approximately 12,000
-attach into the tectoral membrane
85
scala media
-part of the cochlea
-Middle space of the cochlea created by the membranous labyrinth, filled with endolymph-sensory organ for hearing
86
scala tympani
-one of the two chambers of the cochlea
87
scala vestibuli
-one of the two chambers of the cochlea
88
inner ear
1) balance system (vestibule and semicircular canals)
2)hearing system (cochlea)
3) intefrated into two layers: oseeous lanrynth and mebraneous labrynth
FUNCTION: converts sounds to electric code (mechanical energy)
89
middle ear
1) TM
2)ossicular chain; transmit acoustic energy from TM to inner ear
3)stapedius and tensory tympani muscle
FUNCTION: provides match between the low impedance of air and the high impedance of endolymph (mechanical energy)
90
outer ear (external auditory meatus)
-protects middle and inner ear
-terminates at the TM
-outer 1/3 cartilage
-resonating cavity that contributed ot hearing
FUNCTION: collects and shapes sounds (acoustic energy)
91
oval window
Communicates between scala vestibuli and middle ear space
92
round window
-cochlea openings communicates between scala tympani and middle ear
93
basilar membrane
-the floor of scala media; separates scala media from scala tympani, organ of corti is on this membrane
94
reissner membrane
separates the perilymph of the scala vestibuli and the endolympj of the scala media
95
cochlear duct aka scalia media
-between scala vestibuli and scala tympani
-houses sensory apparatus for hearing
96
mastication
-preparation of food for swallowing
-involves oral muscles, teeth, all articulators
97
deglutition
-process of swallowing
-velum raised to close off nasa cavity
-epiglottic lowers and larynx raises to close off path to lungs
-vocal folds adduct
-pharyngeal constrictors proel bolus down pharynx into esophagus
98
dysphagia
-disorder of swallowing at any stage of the process
99
bolus
-ball of liquid created by mix of food and saliva
100
rooting reflex
-Tactile stimulation of lips or cheek results in infant head turn (toward source) and opening of mouth
101
suckling reflex
-Tactile stimulation of inner lips results in tongue
protrusion and retraction
102
characteristics of infant swallowing
-velum licks into space between epiglottis and tongue
-infant can breathe while swallowing
-compared to adults: smaller oral cavity, hyoid elevated and foward, larynx and epiglottic elevated at birth
-velum larger than adults and hang down to contact epglottis
-smaller pharynx
103
as infant matures the development of swalloing includes
1) larynx and epiglottis drop
2)oral cavity grows
3)teeth emerge- prompts chewing and grinding
104
swallowing stage: oral
-food prepared for swallowing
-lips sealed (orbicularis oris, mentalis) (VII)
-tongue pulled up and back, velum is down
-leaves nasopharynx open
-action of styloglossus and palatoglossus
BABIES DO NOT HAVE THIS STAGE ( no teeth)
105
muscles involved in oral prepatroy stage
-mandibular muscles for chewing (masseter, temporalis, medial and laterl pterygoid (V)
-Digastric (V, VII), geniohyoid (XI)
Cheek muscles: buccinator and risorius (VII)
-Tongue muscles for maneuvering bolus:
-All intrinsic muscles (XII)
-Extrinsic muscles to maneuver tongue body – hyoglossus, genioglossus,
styloglossus (XII)
-Mylohyoid to support tongue (V)
106
oral transit stage
-inituation of deglution
-mastication ceases
-mandible raises
-posteriod tongue lowered, anterior elevates agaisnt hard palate
-squeezing action
107
pharyngeal stage
-airway protection
1) true and false vocal folds close
2)Lower vestibule closes via arytenoids pulling medially
and anteriorly
4) Upper vestibule closes via epiglottis dropping
108
pharyngeal stage: pressure and bolus movement
-soft palate elevated
-hyoud and larynx elevate, move forwars
-tongue moves posteriorly and increases in pressure to carry bolus back to oropharynx, pharynx elevates and OPENS
-bolus passes haryngoesophageal (PE) segment,
clears larynx, PE closes, larynx and velum lower
109
pharyngeal stage: muscles
-Elevation, tensing of soft palate: Levator veli palatini,
musculus uvulae (X, XI)
-Vocal fold adduction: Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse and
oblique arytenoid (X)
- Depression of epiglottis: Aryepiglottic (X)
-Elevation of hyoid/larynx: Stylohyoid, hyoglossus, thyrohyoid (VII), mylohyoid (V), digastric (V, VII), geniohyoid (XII)
110
esophageal stage
-bolus travels down to lower esophageal segment
-combo of gravity and perisaltic contraction of lower esophageal schpincter-->controls entry into stomach, prefenting reflux
111
reflexive circuits for mastication and deglutition
-chewing rooting, sucking, gag, vomit, cough, tongue elevation retraction, pain and respiration
112
-a sound source is created by constricting the expiratory air flow from the lungs (in larynx of oral cavity-stop burst, frication)
- the sound source is modified by the vocal tract, which acts as a sound fikter
source filter theory
113
1) large=Low frequency, small-high frequency
characteristics of source filter theory
114
-mobile and active articulator (also passive)
velum
115
-mobile and active articulator
mandible (jaw)
116
-mobile and active articulator
lips
117
-Tip: By the teeth
-Blade: Below alveolar ridge
-Dorsum: Below hard palate
-Body: Not the surface
-Root: Below soft palate
tongue divisions
118
-only movable bone of the face;-U-shaped lower jaw
-active/mobile articulator
-corpus and ramus
mandible
119
-bone of the face; upper jaw
-two fused bones; part of nasal cavity/palate
-includes the palatine, zygomatic, frontal, and alveolar processes
maxillae
120
-face bone: bridge of nose
-lateral connection to frontal process of maxillae
-posterior connections to the ethmoid and nasal septum
nasal bones
121
-posterior section of nasal cavity and palate
-sort of extension of maxillae
-horizontal plate is the posteror hard palate
-perpendicular pate forms the posterior lateral wall of the nasal cavity
palatine bones
122
-facial bone
-midline bone that divides nasal cavity in half
-makes p inferior and posterior part of nasal septum
vomer
123
-facial bone; cheeck bone
-inclused the maxillary, frontal, and temporal processes
zygomatic bone
124
eight in total, tear off food
incisor dentition (shape, functio)
125
aka canines, four in total
cuspid dentition (shape, functio)
126
two points, eight in total
bicuspid dentition (shape, functio)
127
twelve in total
molar dentition (shape, functio)
128
nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx
the three tubes of the cocal tract where resonance can occur according to the source-filter theory
129
Tongue
Epiglottis
Jaw (mandible)
Velum (soft palate)
Lips/cheeks
Larynx/hyoid bone
mobile articulators (active)
130
Alveolar ridge
Hard palate
Teeth
Velum
Posterior pharyngeal wall
immobile articulators (passive)
131
-resting location for the tongue;attachment point for tongue muscles
-only moveable bone in the face skeleton
mandible
132
-intrinsic tongue muscle; upper length of tongue
-functions to elevate/retract tip of tongue
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus
-/t,s, l/
-origin/insertion within
the tongue
superior longitudinal (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
133
-intrinsic tongue muscle
-functions to lower length of the tongue, curls (depresses) tip down
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus
-sometimes used for /ʃ/
inferior longitudinal (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
134
-intrinsic tongue muscle
-center of tongue out
-functions to compress (narrow) sides of tongue
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus
transverse muscle (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
135
-intrinsic tongue muscle
-base of tongue up
-functions to flatten tongue, compress tongue downward
-innervated by CN XII Hypoglossus
vertical muscle (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
136
-extrinsic tongue muscle
-functions to pull tongue down and forward
-mandible to length
of tongue
Genioglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
137
-extrinsic tongue muscle
-pulls sides if tonges down
-hyoid to sides of
tongue
Hyoglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
138
-extrinsic tongue muscle
-temporal bone to
inferior tongue
-pulls tongue body up and back
Styoglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
139
-Extrinsic tongue muscle
-attaches to velum (also velum muscle)
-pulls up the tongue
Palatoglossus (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
140
-mandibular muscle that is most superfical
-from zygomatic bone to ramus of mandible
-functions to close jaw /lift mandible at molars innervated by CNV trigeminal
Masseter (function and location)
141
-mandibular muscle that looks like afan from cranial bones, under arch, to mandivle,
-functions to lift jaw back CNV trigeminal
Temporalis (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
142
-mandibular muscle that acts as a mini masseter by closing jaw at molars, runs on the inside of mandible
-elevates mandible and moves mandible laterally CNV
Medial pterygoid (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
143
-mandibular muscle from the sphenoid to the top of the mandible
-functions to pull the jaw forward CNV
Lateral pterygoid (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
144
-mandibular and hyoid muscle
-anterior and posterior bellies (CNV and VIII) meet at hyoid
-function to open jaw
Digastric (function and location)
145
-mandibular and hyoid muscle
- floor of mouth, connects to hyoid,
-functions to open jaw and elevate floor of mouth
-CNV
Mylohyoid (function and location)
146
-Mandibular and hyoid muscle
-associated with tongue. center floor of mouuth
-opens jaw, elevated hyoid depresses mandible
-CNXII hypoglossus
Geniohyoid (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
147
-bone of the skull
-Part of nasal septum (with
vomer) upper posterior nasal cavity
- Not visible without removing
other parts
-included perpendicular plate
Ethmoid bone
148
-bone of the skull
-Butterfly-shaped with wings.
Attachment for many other
bones/muscles
-superior part of nasal septum
-2 greater wings: extend laterally and anteriorly to articulate with the frontal and temporal bones and form part of skull
-2 lesser wings: extend superiorly and laterally to form channels for optic nerves
2 inferiorly directed pterygoid processes: Lateral and medial
pterygoid plates extend inferiorly from the greater wings, and
provide a point of attachment for the lateral and medial pterygoid
muscles
Sphenoid bone
149
-bone of skull
- Forehead and top of eye
sockets
Frontal bone
150
-bone of skull
-Top/sides of head
-Two bones joined at sagittal
suture
Parietal bones
151
-bone of skull
-Back of head, Forms the posterior and inferior wall of the skull
-Foramen magnum: hole for
spinal cord
Occipital bones
152
-bones of skull
-Bottom sides of head
- Squamous, mastoid, tympanic
portions
- Zygomatic, styloid, mastoid
processes
Temporal bones
153
-face muscle that surrounds the lips
-functions to act like a drawstring to close/purse lips
-origin: corner of lips
-insertion: opposite corner of lips
-VII facial cranial nerve
Orbicularis oris (function, origin, insertion, innervation)
154
-face muscle that originates from side of masseter and courses forward along side face to insert into corner of mouth where lips and orbicularis oris muscles meet
-functions to pull at the corner of the mouth for smiling and grinning and used to move cheeks while chewing
Risorius (function, location)
155
-face muscle that originates behind ramus of mandible and mylohyoid line and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to move the cheeks while chewing
Buccinator (function, location)
156
-face muscle that originates from infraorbital margin of maxilla and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to raise upper lip and flare nostril
Levator labii superioris (function, location)
157
-face muscle that originates from the frontal process of maxilla and inserts at the superior orbicularis oris
-functions to elevate the middle of the upper lip
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (function and location) FIND PIC
158
-face muscle that originates from the facial surface of the zygomatic bone and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to elevate the upper lip
Zygomatic minor (function and location)
159
-face muscle that is deep to levator labii superior and inserts into orbicularis oris
-functions to elevate the lips
Levator anguli oris (function and location)
160
-face muscle that originates from the zygomatic bone lateral to zygomatic minor and inserts into corner of OO
-functions to draw corners of lips up laterally, smiling
Zygomatic major (function and location)
161
-face muscle that originates from the mandible lateral to mental symphysis and inserts at lateral inferior OO
-functions to draw lips down and in (pout or frown)
Depressor labii inferioris (function and location)
162
-face musclethat originates from obliue line of mansible and inderts into corners of OO
-functions to depress angle of lip (frown)
Depressor anguli oris (function and location)
163
-face muscle that originates from the incisive fossa of mandible and inserts at chin
-functions to wrinkle chin and protrude the lower lip
Mentalis (function, origin, insertion)
164
-face muscle that originates from the cervical fascia of pectoral region and inserts at the lower mandible
-functions to depress the manible
Platysma (function and location)
165
-velar muscle (elevator) that makes up most of the body of the velum; originates in the inner temporal bone and wall of eustachian tube and inserts into soft palate
-function: elevates soft palate vertically and posteriorly
Levator veli palatini (function and location)
166
-velar muscle; posterior tip of the velum called the uvula; originates from posterior soft palate (palatine bone) and inserts into mucous membrane
-functions to contract and shorten the soft palat
musculus uvulae (function and location)
167
-velar muscle that originates at the medial sphenoid and the eustachian tube wall and inserts and coursed down
-functions to contract and open the eustachian tube which equalizes pressure in the middle ear and TENSES velum
-CN V trigemenial
tensor veli palatini (function and location)
168
-velar muscle (aka glossopalatine) originates at the soft palate and inserts into the posterior sides of the tongue
-functions to either lower the soft palate or raise the tongue tip up and back
palatoglossus (function and location)
169
-velar muscle that originates from the hard PALATE and midline of the soft palate and courses laterally and down and becomes part of the sides of the PHARYNX to insert into posterior margin of the thyroid cartilage
-functions to lower the palate, but can also narrow the pharynx, or elevate the larynx
palatopharyngeus (function and location)
170
-pharyngeal constrictor muscle that originates between the sphenoid and mandible and inserts into the median pharyngeal raphe
-functions to pull the pharyngeal wall forward, assists levator veli palatini in closing velum, also constricts upper pharynx for swallow
FIRST TO CONSTRICT
superior pharyngeal constrictor (function and location)
171
-pharyngeal constrictor muscle which originates from the horns of the hyoid and the stylohyoid ligament and inserts into the median pharyngeal raphe
-functions to reduce the diameter of the oropharynx, constricting it
middle pharyngeal (function and location)
172
-pharyngeal constrictor muscle that originates from the lamina of the cricoid cartilage and oblique line of the thyroid lamina
-cricopharyngeal muscle which courses back and inserts into the orifice of the esophagus; functions to control the opening of the esophagus
inferior pharyngeal constrictor (cricopharyngeus) (function and location)
173
-pharyngeal muscle that originates from the eustachian tube in the nasopharynx and inserts by coursing doward and joins the palatopharyngeus at the medial palatal raphe
-funcions to elevate the lateral pharyngeal wall
salpingopharyngeus (function and location)
174
-pharyngeal muscle that originates from the styoid process of the temporal bone and inserts into the superior and middle constrictors, and posterior thyroid cartilage
-functions to assist in elevating and opening the pharynx, also has a role in swallowing
stylopharyngeus (function and location)
175
-teeth, faucial pillars, hard palate, tongue
oral cavity (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)
176
-cranial bones, hard palate, velum (raised)
nasal cavity (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)
177
-inclused, nasopharynx, oropharynx and aryngopharynx
pharyngeal cavity(location, boundaries, structures surrounding)
178
-velum to nasal cavity, includes eustachian tube
nasopharynx (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)
179
-velum to hyoid
oropharynx (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)
180
-hyoid/epiglottis to esophagus
laryngopharynx (location, boundaries, structures surrounding)
181
-the ear
-structure provided with cartilaginous framework
-collector of sound that is processed in the middle ear and cochela AKA auricle
Landmarks of the pinna (function)
182
-AKA the eardrum, separation for the outer and middle ear
-oval shaped, 10 mm in diameter and 55 square mm
-functions: responsible for initiating and directing and altering the mechanical electric current process of the middle ear
-three layers of epithelium: outer, inner, and middle (strong tissue)
tympanic membrane (TB) (function)
183
1) outer layer: continuous with the external auditory meatus (EAM)
2)middle layer: fibrous (strong and tight) tissue
3) inner layer: continuous with middle ear cavity
three layers of epithelium in the TM
184
-includes the three smallest of the bones that make up the middle ear, held in place by ligaments; free movement
-functions to transmit energy from the TM to the inner ear
1) malleus (bigest) attached to TM
2) Incus -shaped line anvil
3) stapes (smallest)
ossicles (function)
185
-membraneous: filled with endolymph fluid, entrance to inner ear, contains cochlea;sense organ of hearing and semicircular canals (balance and sense of body in space)
membraneous labrinths (function)
186
-bony: contains inner ear structures, densest bone in body
bony labrinth
187
-within the inner ear
-sensor for balance
vestibular system (function)
188
-Superior (anterior):
Lateral rotational movement (i.e., head to shoulder)
-Lateral (horizontal):
Rotational movement in transverse plane (i.e., "no”)
-dPosterior:
Anterior-posterior movement (i.e., “yes”)
osseous semicircular canals head movements
189
-sense organ of hearing
-has two layers
cochlea (MORE)
190
-functions to contract rotate/pull stapes posteriorly; stiffens chain
-6 mm long, Facial Nerve 7
-embedded in bone of posterior wall (only tendon seen)
-pulls the most medial bone
stapedius muscle (function)
191
-functions to pull malleus anteriorly and medially, tenses the TM; reduces how far TM can move
-also pulls malleus anteriorly and medially
-originates from auditory tube and greater wing of sphenoid bone, longer muscle
-pulls most distal bone
tensor tympani (function)
192
-it pulls ossicles anteriorly
-stapedius pulls posteriory
-reduses total range of movement of ossicles
-protects from low frequencies not high
tensor tympani and stapedius muscle together
193
-part of the cochlea
-sensory organ of hearing within the inner ear
-four rows of hair cells separated by tunnel of corti
organ of corti
194
- one row of inner hair cells within the organ of corti
-each connected to ten vestibucochlear (VIII) nerve fibers
-maintaining the primary role of auditory signal transduction; approximately 3,500
-IHC brush against the tectoral membrane
inner hair cells
195
-three rows of hair cells within the organ of corti; approximately 12,000
-attach into the tectoral membrane
-all innervated by a single CN VIII fiber
outer hair cells
196
-part of the cochlea
- a tube placed between scala tympani and scala vestibuli
-sensory organ for hearing
-endolymph is found in here
scala media
197
-one of the two chambers of the cochlea
- Peripheral cavity of cochlea (chamber of the osseous cochlear labyrinth) that
communicates with the middle ear via the ROUND WINDOW
-positioned below the scala media, filled with
PERILYMPH
scala tympani
198
-one of the two chambers of the cochlea
-Peripheral cavity of the cochlea (chamber of the osseous cochlear labyrinth) that
communicates with the middle ear via the VESTIBULE and OVAL window; positioned superior to the scala
media, filled with PERILYMPH
scala vestibuli
199
1) balance system (vestibule and semicircular canals)
2)hearing system (cochlea)
3) intefrated into two layers: oseeous lanrynth and mebraneous labrynth
FUNCTION: converts sounds to electric code (mechanical energy)
inner ear
200
1) TM
2)ossicular chain; transmit acoustic energy from TM to inner ear
3)stapedius and tensory tympani muscle
FUNCTION: provides match between the low impedance of air and the high impedance of endolymph (mechanical energy)
middle ear
201
-protects middle and inner ear
-terminates at the TM
-outer 1/3 cartilage
-resonating cavity that contributed ot hearing
FUNCTION: collects and shapes sounds (acoustic energy)
outer ear (external auditory meatus)
202
-Communicates between scala vestibuli and middle ear space-
-Opening into the scala vestibuli to which the footplate of the stapes is attached; located
in the superior-posterior aspect of the medial wall of the middle ear (or lateral wall of the vestibule, anterior to semicircular canals and posterior to cochlea); permits communication between the scala vestibuli and middle ear space
oval window
203
-cochlea openings communicates between scala tympani and middle ear
-Opening between the scala tympani of the inner ear and the middle ear space; located
below the oval window; provides communication between the scala tympani and middle earx
round window
204
-the floor of scala media; separates scala media from scala tympani, organ of corti is on this membrane
basilar membrane ( think base)
205
separates the perilymph of the scala vestibuli and the endolymph of the scala media
reissner membrane
206
-between scala vestibuli and scala tympani
-houses sensory apparatus for hearing
cochlear duct aka scalia media
207
-preparation of food for swallowing
-involves oral muscles, teeth, all articulators
mastication
208
-process of swallowing
-velum raised to close off nasa cavity
-epiglottic lowers and larynx raises to close off path to lungs
-vocal folds adduct
-pharyngeal constrictors proel bolus down pharynx into esophagus
deglutition
209
-disorder of swallowing at any stage of the process
dysphagia
210
-ball of liquid created by mix of food and saliva
bolus
211
-Tactile stimulation of lips or cheek results in infant head turn (toward source) and opening of mouth
rooting reflex
212
-Tactile stimulation of inner lips results in tongue
protrusion and retraction
suckling reflex
213
-velum licks into space between epiglottis and tongue
-infant can breathe while swallowing
-compared to adults: smaller oral cavity, hyoid elevated and foward, larynx and epiglottic elevated at birth
-velum larger than adults and hang down to contact epglottis
characteristics of infant swallowing
214
1) larynx and epiglottis drop
2)oral cavity grows
3)teeth emerge- prompts chewing and grinding
as infant matures the development of swalloing includes
215
-food prepared for swallowing
-lips sealed (orbicularis oris, mentalis) (VII)
-tongue pulled up and back, velum is down
-leaves nasopharynx open
-action of styloglossus and palatoglossus
BABIES DO NOT HAVE THIS STAGE ( no teeth)
swallowing stage: oral
216
-mandibular muscles for chewing (masseter, temporalis, medial and laterl pterygoid (V)
-Digastric (V, VII), geniohyoid (XI)
Cheek muscles: buccinator and risorius (VII)
-Tongue muscles for maneuvering bolus:
-All intrinsic muscles (XII)
-Extrinsic muscles to maneuver tongue body – hyoglossus, genioglossus,
styloglossus (XII)
-Mylohyoid to support tongue (V)
muscles involved in oral prepatroy stage
217
-inituation of deglution
-mastication ceases
-mandible raises
-posteriod tongue lowered, anterior elevates agaisnt hard palate
-squeezing action
oral transit stage
218
-airway protection
1) true and false vocal folds close
2)Lower vestibule closes via arytenoids pulling medially
and anteriorly
4) Upper vestibule closes via epiglottis dropping
pharyngeal stage
219
-soft palate elevated
-hyoud and larynx elevate, move forwars
-tongue moves posteriorly and increases in pressure to carry bolus back to oropharynx, pharynx elevates and OPENS
-bolus passes haryngoesophageal (PE) segment,
clears larynx, PE closes, larynx and velum lower
pharyngeal stage: pressure and bolus movement
220
-Elevation, tensing of soft palate: Levator veli palatini,
musculus uvulae (X, XI)
-Vocal fold adduction: Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse and
oblique arytenoid (X)
- Depression of epiglottis: Aryepiglottic (X)
-Elevation of hyoid/larynx: Stylohyoid, hyoglossus, thyrohyoid (VII), mylohyoid (V), digastric (V, VII), geniohyoid (XII)
pharyngeal stage: muscles
221
-bolus travels down to lower esophageal segment
-combo of gravity and perisaltic contraction of lower esophageal schpincter-->controls entry into stomach, prefenting reflux
esophageal stage
222
-chewing rooting, sucking, gag, vomit, cough, tongue elevation retraction, pain and respiration
reflexive circuits for mastication and deglutition
