ch 1 Flashcards
Fascia
surrounds organs and muscles, and is
composed of several layers of areolar tissue
Ligament
-Attach bone to bone, bone to
cartilage, and cartilage to
cartilage
-fibers course in uniform direction
-great tensile strength
Tendon
-Help muscles attach to bones
and cartilages
-fibers course in same direction as muscle
-great tensile strength
Insertion
Point of attachment that moves as a
result of muscle contraction
Origin
Point of attachment for least mobile
element
Neural Tissue
made up of highly specialized cells; respond to environemental changes by modifying their electro-chemical composition
Muscle tissue
responsible for all body movements; CAN BE
-striated: long fibers for movement, parallel bundles voluntary control, attaches ro skeletal system
- smooth: less organized involuntary movements (stomach, intestines, blood vessels)
- cardiac: heart
Epithelial tissue
Formed by closely approximated cells
with little intercellular substance;
-Cover the EXTERNAL surface of the body, Line tubes or passages leading to the
exterior, Line the internal cavities in the body
-MAY be ciliated (tiny hair protrusions)
-Composed of single layer cells and several layers of cells
Connective tissue
-connect, or bind structures
-support the body,
-combo of cells/extra cellular substance
-TYPES: epithelium-like loose tissues(tendons, cartilage, ligaments),bone
-can be solid, liqud, or gel like (bl
loose connective tissue v dense connective
LOOSE: AKA areolar tissue
-just beneath skin
-facia surrounds organs and muscles
DENSE: tendons, ligaments, cartilage
Palmar
refers to the palm of the hand (a ventral surface)
Plantar
refers to the sole of the foot (a ventral surface)
Dorsiflexion
flexion that brings dorsal surfacws into closer proximity
Hyperextension
extreme extension
Extension
bending of a joints farther apart
Flexion
bringing ventral surfaces closer together
Proximal
toward the body or center/point of attachment ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist
Supine
lying down, face up
Prone
lying down, face down
Internal
away from the surface
Deep/internal
away from the surface
External
toward the surface
Superficial
toward the surface
Peripheral
away from body/center
Rostral
toward the nose/beak
Distal/peripheral
away from the body or center
Superior
upper; toward the head
Inferior
lower; toward the feet
medial
toward the midline
lateral
away from the midline (to the side)
posterior
toward the back (or dorsal)
Anterior
toward the front (or ventral)
frontal section
divides the body into front and back halves
ventral surface of body
the front of the body
Dorsal surface of head
back of the head?
Dorsal surface of body
back of the body
sagittal plane v midsagittal
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts; midsagittal when cut at midline
coronal/frontal plane
A section dividing the body into front and back halves
transverse plane
divides the body into upper and lower portions
surrounds organs, being a sheet-like membrane that may be either dense or
filmy, thin or thick; connective tissue that covers or binds body structures
Fascia
cartilage (found where?)
-cushions bones and provides body structure (dense connective tissue)
- has GREAT tensile strength and compressive strength, returns to shape after stretched
-found in costal cartilages of rib cage, larync, trachea, nose, pinna and epiglottic, between vertebrae of spine
bone
-composed of cells, collagenous fibers, and inorganic salts, lots of intercelular substance (calcium)
-covered by ROUGH FIBRUOUS MEMBRANE
-provides attachments for tendons, assists in bone formation and repair
-primary characteristic: lamellar structure (alternating layers of collagen and matrix)
Fibrous connective tissue connecting bones or cartilage; refers to “binding”
(visceral- bind organs together/ hold structures in place) (skeletal- must
withstand great pressure because they typically bind bone to bone)
Ligament
Connective tissue attaching muscle to bone or cartilage; provide a means of
attaching muscle to bone or cartilage (actually part of the muscle, it always binds
muscle to another structure (typically bone), attaching to the connective tissue of
that skeletal structure)
Tendon
The relatively mobile point of attachment of a muscle
Insertion
Proximal attachment of a muscle; the point of attachment of a muscle with
relatively little movement
Origin
Highly specialized communicative tissue consisting of neurons and nerve cells;
transmit information from one neuron to another, from neurons to muscles, or
from sensory receptors to other neural structures
Neural Tissue
specialized contractile tissue-capable of being stimulated to contract (types are
striated, smooth, and cardiac)
Muscle tissue
Superficial (outer) layer of mucous membranes and cells constituting the skin, as
well as linings of major body cavities and passageways (all the “tubes” that pass
into, out of, and through the body)
Epithelial tissue
Composed of intercellular material (matrix); may be solid, liquid, or gel-like,
specialized for the purposes of support and protection
Connective tissue
pertaining to the palm of the hand (a ventral surface)
Palmar
refers to the sole of the foot (a ventral surface)
Plantar
Flexion in a dorsal direction (e.g. flexing foot upward); flexion that brings two
dorsal surfaces closer together
Dorsiflexion
extreme extension (ex. Completing a sit up- the arching of your back in that
curled state)
Hyperextension
Straightening or moving out of the flexed position; opposite of flexion- act of
pulling two things apart
Extension
he act of bending, often upon ventral surfaces; bending at a joint, usually
towards the ventral surface
Flexion
Closer to the trunk or thorax; nearer to the pubic bone; nearest to the point of
attachment or some point of reference- as in “approximate” (usually reserved for
when talking about the relationship between limbs and trunk)
Proximal
body in horizontal position with face up (on the back)
Supine
body in horizontal position with face down (on the belly)
Prone
inside (generally reserved for cavities within the body); toward the interior of the
body; within the body
Internal
away from the surface
Deep/internal
outside (generally reserved for cavities within the body); toward the exterior of
the body
External
refers to the surface of the body; on or near the surface
Superficial
away from the center; away from (relative to the periphery)
Peripheral
Beak-like; toward the head (If used to refer to structures within the cranium, it
refers to a structure anterior to another)
Rostral
away from the midline or a point away from the root of the extremity
Distal/peripheral
the upper point, nearer the head; above, farther from the ground
Superior
the lower point, nearer the feet; below, closer to the ground
Inferior
toward the midline
medial
toward the side (usually reserved for when talking about the relationship)
lateral
toward the back/rear (or dorsal)
posterior
toward the front (or ventral)
Anterior
The front half/portion of the body; frontal plane divides the body into front and
back halves (parallel to the coronal suture of the skull)
frontal section
pertaining to the belly or anterior surface of the body
ventral surface of body
Superior surface (referring to the brain) because the cerebrum folds forward (will
also accept “back of the head”)
Dorsal surface of head
back of the body
Dorsal surface of body
a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
sagittal plane
A section dividing the body into front and back halves
coronal/frontal plane
divides the body into upper and lower portions
transverse plane
cushions bones and provides body structure, has GREAT tensile strength and compressive strength, returns to shape after stretched
cartilage
composed of cells, collagenpus fibers, and inorganic salts, lots of intercelular substancr, covered by ROUGH FIBRUOUS MEMBRANE
bone
Anatomy
the study of the structure of an organism
physiology
study of the functions of living organisms and their parts
Pathological Anatomy
Study of structural changes related to disease or
disorder (e.g., cleft palate)
Developmental Anatomy
Study of structural changes related to the
development of an organism (e.g., change in larynx
position and size at puberty)
Neurology
Study of the nervous system (includes brain)
Descriptive or Systemic Anatomy*
Study of the individual parts of the body
(homogeneous tissues)
Gross Anatomy*
study of the body and its parts as visible without the aid of microscopy (may be inside body)
Microscopic anatomy*
Anatomy of structures not visible without
microscope (e.g., inner ear hair cells)
anatomical position
Standing erect
Facing the observer
Eyes front
Arms at the side
Palms of the hands and tips of the
feet facing forward
Adduct
to move towarDs midline
Abduct
to move awAy from midline
caudal
toward the tail
cranial
toward the head
rostral
toward nose/beak
cells
highly organized masses of protoplasm, basic building blocks in formation of tissues; consist of nucleus and organelles
tissue (types)
group of cells similar in structure and function; four types are connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous.
organs
combination of two of more tissues into a functional unit (independent part of body that performs special function ex: heart is muscle tissue and well as connective and supportive tissue)
systems
two or more organs combine to form a single functional enut ex: bones and cartilage are part of skeletal system
agonist
prime mover; muscles directly responsible for producing movements
antagonist
muscle which opposes the contracting muscles
syngerist
muscles used to stabilize structures
joint
uniion of bones/cartilage with other bones/cartilage
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
serve peripheral body
-cranial nerves- serve head and neck
-spinal nerves- serve rest of body
central nervous systesm (CNS)
-encased in bone
-cerebral cortex, cerebellus, thalamus, basal ganglia, brainstem and spinal cord
Autonomic nervous system
(ANS) (excitatory v lowering excitatory)
-Sympathetic (excitatory)
* Ex: increases heart rate
- Parasympathetic (dampens
excitation)
* Ex: slows heart rate
Somatic nervous system
Motor control system (Efferent)
* Ex: activates jaw muscles
Sensory systems (Afferent)
* Ex: transmits sensory info
Function of Respiratory system
-provides basic nutrition (oxygen) to the body
-used to provide air pressure to turn into speech sounds
function of phonatroy system
laryngeal structures
-interrupt air flow from RS to create phonation—-> vowels voices obstruents
function of resonatory and articulatory system
oral cavity, nasal cavity, soft palate, jaw, tongue, lips and teeth
-shape the sound created by phonatory system and RSusing different places and manners of articulation
function of nervous system (peripheral, central)
-peripheral (cranial nerves):innervates all respiratoy, phonatory and resonatory/articulatory systems
-CNS: brain and spinal controls everything and hold knowlegede of language system (grammar etc)
