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A&P > ch 1 > Flashcards

ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Fascia

A

surrounds organs and muscles, and is
composed of several layers of areolar tissue

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2
Q

Ligament

A

-Attach bone to bone, bone to
cartilage, and cartilage to
cartilage
-fibers course in uniform direction
-great tensile strength

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3
Q

Tendon

A

-Help muscles attach to bones
and cartilages
-fibers course in same direction as muscle
-great tensile strength

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4
Q

Insertion

A

Point of attachment that moves as a
result of muscle contraction

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5
Q

Origin

A

Point of attachment for least mobile
element

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6
Q

Neural Tissue

A

made up of highly specialized cells; respond to environemental changes by modifying their electro-chemical composition

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7
Q

Muscle tissue

A

responsible for all body movements; CAN BE
-striated: long fibers for movement, parallel bundles voluntary control, attaches ro skeletal system
- smooth: less organized involuntary movements (stomach, intestines, blood vessels)
- cardiac: heart

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Formed by closely approximated cells
with little intercellular substance;
-Cover the EXTERNAL surface of the body, Line tubes or passages leading to the
exterior, Line the internal cavities in the body
-MAY be ciliated (tiny hair protrusions)
-Composed of single layer cells and several layers of cells

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9
Q

Connective tissue

A

-connect, or bind structures
-support the body,
-combo of cells/extra cellular substance
-TYPES: epithelium-like loose tissues(tendons, cartilage, ligaments),bone
-can be solid, liqud, or gel like (bl

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10
Q

loose connective tissue v dense connective

A

LOOSE: AKA areolar tissue
-just beneath skin
-facia surrounds organs and muscles
DENSE: tendons, ligaments, cartilage

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11
Q

Palmar

A

refers to the palm of the hand (a ventral surface)

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12
Q

Plantar

A

refers to the sole of the foot (a ventral surface)

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13
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

flexion that brings dorsal surfacws into closer proximity

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14
Q

Hyperextension

A

extreme extension

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15
Q

Extension

A

bending of a joints farther apart

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16
Q

Flexion

A

bringing ventral surfaces closer together

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17
Q

Proximal

A

toward the body or center/point of attachment ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist

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18
Q

Supine

A

lying down, face up

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19
Q

Prone

A

lying down, face down

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20
Q

Internal

A

away from the surface

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21
Q

Deep/internal

A

away from the surface

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22
Q

External

A

toward the surface

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23
Q

Superficial

A

toward the surface

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24
Q

Peripheral

A

away from body/center

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25
Q

Rostral

A

toward the nose/beak

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26
Q

Distal/peripheral

A

away from the body or center

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27
Q

Superior

A

upper; toward the head

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28
Q

Inferior

A

lower; toward the feet

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29
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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30
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline (to the side)

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31
Q

posterior

A

toward the back (or dorsal)

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32
Q

Anterior

A

toward the front (or ventral)

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33
Q

frontal section

A

divides the body into front and back halves

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34
Q

ventral surface of body

A

the front of the body

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35
Q

Dorsal surface of head

A

back of the head?

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36
Q

Dorsal surface of body

A

back of the body

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37
Q

sagittal plane v midsagittal

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts; midsagittal when cut at midline

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38
Q

coronal/frontal plane

A

A section dividing the body into front and back halves

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39
Q

transverse plane

A

divides the body into upper and lower portions

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40
Q

surrounds organs, being a sheet-like membrane that may be either dense or
filmy, thin or thick; connective tissue that covers or binds body structures

A

Fascia

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41
Q

cartilage (found where?)

A

-cushions bones and provides body structure (dense connective tissue)
- has GREAT tensile strength and compressive strength, returns to shape after stretched
-found in costal cartilages of rib cage, larync, trachea, nose, pinna and epiglottic, between vertebrae of spine

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42
Q

bone

A

-composed of cells, collagenous fibers, and inorganic salts, lots of intercelular substance (calcium)
-covered by ROUGH FIBRUOUS MEMBRANE
-provides attachments for tendons, assists in bone formation and repair
-primary characteristic: lamellar structure (alternating layers of collagen and matrix)

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43
Q

Fibrous connective tissue connecting bones or cartilage; refers to “binding”
(visceral- bind organs together/ hold structures in place) (skeletal- must
withstand great pressure because they typically bind bone to bone)

A

Ligament

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44
Q

Connective tissue attaching muscle to bone or cartilage; provide a means of
attaching muscle to bone or cartilage (actually part of the muscle, it always binds
muscle to another structure (typically bone), attaching to the connective tissue of
that skeletal structure)

A

Tendon

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45
Q

The relatively mobile point of attachment of a muscle

A

Insertion

46
Q

Proximal attachment of a muscle; the point of attachment of a muscle with
relatively little movement

A

Origin

47
Q

Highly specialized communicative tissue consisting of neurons and nerve cells;
transmit information from one neuron to another, from neurons to muscles, or
from sensory receptors to other neural structures

A

Neural Tissue

48
Q

specialized contractile tissue-capable of being stimulated to contract (types are
striated, smooth, and cardiac)

A

Muscle tissue

49
Q

Superficial (outer) layer of mucous membranes and cells constituting the skin, as
well as linings of major body cavities and passageways (all the “tubes” that pass
into, out of, and through the body)

A

Epithelial tissue

50
Q

Composed of intercellular material (matrix); may be solid, liquid, or gel-like,
specialized for the purposes of support and protection

A

Connective tissue

51
Q

pertaining to the palm of the hand (a ventral surface)

A

Palmar

52
Q

refers to the sole of the foot (a ventral surface)

A

Plantar

53
Q

Flexion in a dorsal direction (e.g. flexing foot upward); flexion that brings two
dorsal surfaces closer together

A

Dorsiflexion

54
Q

extreme extension (ex. Completing a sit up- the arching of your back in that
curled state)

A

Hyperextension

55
Q

Straightening or moving out of the flexed position; opposite of flexion- act of
pulling two things apart

A

Extension

56
Q

he act of bending, often upon ventral surfaces; bending at a joint, usually
towards the ventral surface

A

Flexion

57
Q

Closer to the trunk or thorax; nearer to the pubic bone; nearest to the point of
attachment or some point of reference- as in “approximate” (usually reserved for
when talking about the relationship between limbs and trunk)

A

Proximal

58
Q

body in horizontal position with face up (on the back)

A

Supine

59
Q

body in horizontal position with face down (on the belly)

A

Prone

60
Q

inside (generally reserved for cavities within the body); toward the interior of the
body; within the body

A

Internal

61
Q

away from the surface

A

Deep/internal

62
Q

outside (generally reserved for cavities within the body); toward the exterior of
the body

A

External

63
Q

refers to the surface of the body; on or near the surface

A

Superficial

64
Q

away from the center; away from (relative to the periphery)

A

Peripheral

65
Q

Beak-like; toward the head (If used to refer to structures within the cranium, it
refers to a structure anterior to another)

A

Rostral

66
Q

away from the midline or a point away from the root of the extremity

A

Distal/peripheral

67
Q

the upper point, nearer the head; above, farther from the ground

A

Superior

68
Q

the lower point, nearer the feet; below, closer to the ground

A

Inferior

69
Q

toward the midline

A

medial

70
Q

toward the side (usually reserved for when talking about the relationship)

A

lateral

71
Q

toward the back/rear (or dorsal)

A

posterior

72
Q

toward the front (or ventral)

A

Anterior

73
Q

The front half/portion of the body; frontal plane divides the body into front and
back halves (parallel to the coronal suture of the skull)

A

frontal section

74
Q

pertaining to the belly or anterior surface of the body

A

ventral surface of body

75
Q

Superior surface (referring to the brain) because the cerebrum folds forward (will
also accept “back of the head”)

A

Dorsal surface of head

76
Q

back of the body

A

Dorsal surface of body

77
Q

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

A

sagittal plane

78
Q

A section dividing the body into front and back halves

A

coronal/frontal plane

79
Q

divides the body into upper and lower portions

A

transverse plane

80
Q

cushions bones and provides body structure, has GREAT tensile strength and compressive strength, returns to shape after stretched

A

cartilage

81
Q

composed of cells, collagenpus fibers, and inorganic salts, lots of intercelular substancr, covered by ROUGH FIBRUOUS MEMBRANE

A

bone

82
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the structure of an organism

83
Q

physiology

A

study of the functions of living organisms and their parts

84
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

Study of structural changes related to disease or
disorder (e.g., cleft palate)

85
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Study of structural changes related to the
development of an organism (e.g., change in larynx
position and size at puberty)

86
Q

Neurology

A

Study of the nervous system (includes brain)

87
Q

Descriptive or Systemic Anatomy*

A

Study of the individual parts of the body
(homogeneous tissues)

88
Q

Gross Anatomy*

A

study of the body and its parts as visible without the aid of microscopy (may be inside body)

89
Q

Microscopic anatomy*

A

Anatomy of structures not visible without
microscope (e.g., inner ear hair cells)

90
Q

anatomical position

A

 Standing erect
 Facing the observer
 Eyes front
 Arms at the side
 Palms of the hands and tips of the
feet facing forward

91
Q

Adduct

A

to move towarDs midline

92
Q

Abduct

A

to move awAy from midline

93
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail

94
Q

cranial

A

toward the head

95
Q

rostral

A

toward nose/beak

96
Q

cells

A

highly organized masses of protoplasm, basic building blocks in formation of tissues; consist of nucleus and organelles

97
Q

tissue (types)

A

group of cells similar in structure and function; four types are connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous.

98
Q

organs

A

combination of two of more tissues into a functional unit (independent part of body that performs special function ex: heart is muscle tissue and well as connective and supportive tissue)

99
Q

systems

A

two or more organs combine to form a single functional enut ex: bones and cartilage are part of skeletal system

100
Q

agonist

A

prime mover; muscles directly responsible for producing movements

101
Q

antagonist

A

muscle which opposes the contracting muscles

102
Q

syngerist

A

muscles used to stabilize structures

103
Q

joint

A

uniion of bones/cartilage with other bones/cartilage

104
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

serve peripheral body
-cranial nerves- serve head and neck
-spinal nerves- serve rest of body

105
Q

central nervous systesm (CNS)

A

-encased in bone
-cerebral cortex, cerebellus, thalamus, basal ganglia, brainstem and spinal cord

106
Q

Autonomic nervous system
(ANS) (excitatory v lowering excitatory)

A

-Sympathetic (excitatory)
* Ex: increases heart rate
- Parasympathetic (dampens
excitation)
* Ex: slows heart rate

107
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Motor control system (Efferent)
* Ex: activates jaw muscles
Sensory systems (Afferent)
* Ex: transmits sensory info

108
Q

Function of Respiratory system

A

-provides basic nutrition (oxygen) to the body
-used to provide air pressure to turn into speech sounds

109
Q

function of phonatroy system

A

laryngeal structures
-interrupt air flow from RS to create phonation—-> vowels voices obstruents

110
Q

function of resonatory and articulatory system

A

oral cavity, nasal cavity, soft palate, jaw, tongue, lips and teeth
-shape the sound created by phonatory system and RSusing different places and manners of articulation

111
Q

function of nervous system (peripheral, central)

A

-peripheral (cranial nerves):innervates all respiratoy, phonatory and resonatory/articulatory systems
-CNS: brain and spinal controls everything and hold knowlegede of language system (grammar etc)

A&P (11 decks)

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