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MOD > MOD 5&6 - General Principles of Immune Response > Flashcards

MOD 5&6 - General Principles of Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

what are pattern recognition receptors

A

used to identify simple pathogen and initial engagement with the infection and inform the adaptive system

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2
Q

what does pattern recognition receptors include

A

inclusive term for antigen recognition receptor in innate system

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3
Q

examples of pattern recognition receptors

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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4
Q

what are the 2 groups of pattern recognition receptors

A

1) cell surface and intracellular receptors

2) fluid-phase soluble molecules

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5
Q

what is fluid-phase recognition molecules

A

c-type lectin family

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6
Q

what is lectin

A

Lectins offer a way for molecules to stick together without getting the immune system involved, which can influence cell-cell interaction.

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7
Q

what does fluid-phase recognition molecules do?

A

recognition of microbial complex carbohydrates and bind to them via carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs)

role in neutralisation of pathogen, role in recruitment of adaptive response

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8
Q

an example for fluid-phase recognition molecules

A

collectins

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9
Q

which cytokines are the 1st cytokine produced in an infection which makes you fell unwell and muscle ache

A

IL 1

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10
Q

what is the function of macrophages

A

phagocytose and kill bacteria

produce antimicrobial peptides & inflammatory cytokines

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11
Q

what is the function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells

A

produce large mount of interferon - anti-tumour and anit-viral

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12
Q

what is the function of myeloid dendritic cells

A

produce IL-12 and IL-10

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13
Q

what is the function of natural killer cells

A

kill foreign and host cells which have low MHC+ self peptides

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14
Q

what is MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex (antigen presented to recongise foreign pathogen)

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15
Q

what is the function of natural killer T cells

A

lymphocytes with both T cells and NK surface marker - recognise lipid antigens of intracellular bacteria

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16
Q

what is the function of neutrophils

A

phagocytose and kill bacteria and produce antimicrobial peptide

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17
Q

what is the function of mast cells and basophils

A

release inflammatory markers in response to PAMPs

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18
Q

what is the function of epithelial cells as immunological deference

A

produce anti-mircobial peptides - produce mediator for local innate immunity

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19
Q

what is the core features for adaptive immune system

A
  • unique antigen receptors found on each lymphocyte
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20
Q

what is primary lymphoid organs

A

lymphocyte development and selection

where the initial immune respond will take place - B cell will return to bone marrow and become long living & T cell will circulate the body in search for pathogen

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21
Q

what is secondary lymphoid organs

A

immune response

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22
Q

how does the adaptive system create diversity of antigen receptors for the B and T cells

A

T and B cells receptors are coded by genes that are fragmented so they can change shapes by combination of different receptors

23
Q

how is antigen of pathogens are being presented?

A

antigens are being internalised (engulfed etc) - broken down to peptides - peptides associate with newly snythesised class 2 MHC molecules - transport back to the surface of the cell - if foreign peptide, then recognised by T helper cells and are activated - T helper cells produce cytokines needed by B cell etc - innate and adaptive system activated

24
Q

what are histocompatibility antigens

A

glycoproteins found on the surface of cells which an individual unique

25
Q

what prevent organ transplant

A

the unique histocompatibility antigens

26
Q

how many types of MHC are there

A

2 - class 1 & class 2

27
Q

what are function o MHC

A

T cells only see antigen in association with MHC - MHC responsible for presenting antigenic peptides to T cells

28
Q

which type of cell does MHC class 1 protein present to

A

cytotoxic T cells

29
Q

which type of cell does MHC class 1 protein present to

A

helper T cells

30
Q

what are the function of B lymphocytes

A

secrete antibodies - humoral immunity

31
Q

what are the different types of T cells

A

killer/cytotoxic T cells (to kill) - cellular immunity

helper T cell - secrete cytokines to control immune response - help B and T cells

suppressor T cells - damp down immune respone

32
Q

how can cytotoxic T cell achieve the killing purpose?

A

bind to infected cell with antigens presented on the cell surface

perforin secreted by cytotoxic T cells makes holes in infected cell’s membrane

infected cell lose cell integrity and so cell death

33
Q

which 2 interleukins are responsible for allergic reaction?

A

IL4, IL5

34
Q

which interleukin is responsible for autoimmune response

A

IL17

35
Q

definition of hypersensitivity

A

Undesirable, damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal reactions produced by the normal immune system (directed against innocuous antigens) in a pre-sensitized (immune) host.

36
Q

what are the 4 different types of hypersensitivity

A

Type 1 - IgE mediated reaction

Type 2 - cytotoxic reaction

Type 3 - immune complex reaction

Type 4 - Cell mediated reaction (DTH)

37
Q

how is Type 1 hypersensitivity generated

A

IgE mediated mast cell and basophil degranulation - release inflammatory mediators

38
Q

what is clinical features of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

fast onset (15-30 mins), weal and flare, can have late response after 1st

39
Q

what is the severe type 1 hypersensitivity

A

anaphylaxis

40
Q

how does type 1 hypersensitivity work?

A

allergen posessed by B cells which produce IgE

IgE cross link with Fc receptors on sensitised mast cell

mast cells then release inflammatory mediators eg histamine & synthesis lipid mediators

41
Q

what are the effect of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

histamine - bronchial tree constriction, fluid leakage, hypotension, purulent secretion and diarrhoea

42
Q

what is early phase response of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

mast cells has FC receptor presented at high density, cross-linking of Fc receptors by allergen leads to activation of mast cell - degranulation (inflammatory mediators, synthesis of lipid mediators)

43
Q

what are some examples of inflammatory mediators which will be released from degranulation?

A

histamine, kallikerin (bradykinin)

44
Q

what are late phase response of type 1 hypersensitivity

A
  • basophils (same function as mast cells but over long time scale)
  • eosinophils (release cytotoxic protein - major source of tissue damage in allergic response )
  • T cell responses (both early and late response) (cytokine production, another major source of pathogenesis in allergic responses)
45
Q

what is type 2 hypersensitivity

A

antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions (binding of antibody to target antigen on cell membrane - activation of complement cascade resulting in cell lysis & resulting in phagocytosis % destruction

46
Q

what can activate type 2 hypersensitivity

A

initiated by IgM or complement-binding IgG

47
Q

what cells are usually affected?

A

haematopoietic cells

48
Q

what cause type2 hypersensitivity

A

blood group incompatibility, autoimmune haemolytic anaemias

49
Q

which hypersensitivities can penicillin cause?

A

All 4 types

50
Q

what is type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

immune complex reactions

51
Q

how is type 3 hypersensitivity caused?

A

1 IgG + Ag = AgAb complex

  1. FcR in complex bind C1q
  2. Complement activation leads to generation of activated complement fragments
    4a. C5a - attractant for neutrophils
    4b. C3b - Opsonin
  3. Attempted phagocytosis of complexes - release of enzymes, oxygen radicals
  4. Consequence is tissue damage
52
Q

some examples for immune complex reactions

A

B12 deficiency - binding to intrinsic factor

53
Q

what is type 4 hypersensitivity

A

T cell mediated - CD4+ cells (MHC class II)

54
Q

how does type 4 hypersensitivity work?

A

initially perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes & monocytes

langerhan’s cell present antigen to T cells which release cytokines - recrtiment of macrophages

activated macrophages cause tissue damages

requires previous exposure to antigen

MOD (19 decks)

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