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MOD > MOD 5&6 - General Principles of Immune Response > Flashcards

MOD 5&6 - General Principles of Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

what are pattern recognition receptors

A

used to identify simple pathogen and initial engagement with the infection and inform the adaptive system

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2
Q

what does pattern recognition receptors include

A

inclusive term for antigen recognition receptor in innate system

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3
Q

examples of pattern recognition receptors

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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4
Q

what are the 2 groups of pattern recognition receptors

A

1) cell surface and intracellular receptors

2) fluid-phase soluble molecules

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5
Q

what is fluid-phase recognition molecules

A

c-type lectin family

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6
Q

what is lectin

A

Lectins offer a way for molecules to stick together without getting the immune system involved, which can influence cell-cell interaction.

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7
Q

what does fluid-phase recognition molecules do?

A

recognition of microbial complex carbohydrates and bind to them via carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs)

role in neutralisation of pathogen, role in recruitment of adaptive response

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8
Q

an example for fluid-phase recognition molecules

A

collectins

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9
Q

which cytokines are the 1st cytokine produced in an infection which makes you fell unwell and muscle ache

A

IL 1

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10
Q

what is the function of macrophages

A

phagocytose and kill bacteria

produce antimicrobial peptides & inflammatory cytokines

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11
Q

what is the function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells

A

produce large mount of interferon - anti-tumour and anit-viral

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12
Q

what is the function of myeloid dendritic cells

A

produce IL-12 and IL-10

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13
Q

what is the function of natural killer cells

A

kill foreign and host cells which have low MHC+ self peptides

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14
Q

what is MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex (antigen presented to recongise foreign pathogen)

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15
Q

what is the function of natural killer T cells

A

lymphocytes with both T cells and NK surface marker - recognise lipid antigens of intracellular bacteria

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16
Q

what is the function of neutrophils

A

phagocytose and kill bacteria and produce antimicrobial peptide

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17
Q

what is the function of mast cells and basophils

A

release inflammatory markers in response to PAMPs

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18
Q

what is the function of epithelial cells as immunological deference

A

produce anti-mircobial peptides - produce mediator for local innate immunity

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19
Q

what is the core features for adaptive immune system

A
  • unique antigen receptors found on each lymphocyte
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20
Q

what is primary lymphoid organs

A

lymphocyte development and selection

where the initial immune respond will take place - B cell will return to bone marrow and become long living & T cell will circulate the body in search for pathogen

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21
Q

what is secondary lymphoid organs

A

immune response

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22
Q

how does the adaptive system create diversity of antigen receptors for the B and T cells

A

T and B cells receptors are coded by genes that are fragmented so they can change shapes by combination of different receptors

23
Q

how is antigen of pathogens are being presented?

A

antigens are being internalised (engulfed etc) - broken down to peptides - peptides associate with newly snythesised class 2 MHC molecules - transport back to the surface of the cell - if foreign peptide, then recognised by T helper cells and are activated - T helper cells produce cytokines needed by B cell etc - innate and adaptive system activated

24
Q

what are histocompatibility antigens

A

glycoproteins found on the surface of cells which an individual unique

25
what prevent organ transplant
the unique histocompatibility antigens
26
how many types of MHC are there
2 - class 1 & class 2
27
what are function o MHC
T cells only see antigen in association with MHC - MHC responsible for presenting antigenic peptides to T cells
28
which type of cell does MHC class 1 protein present to
cytotoxic T cells
29
which type of cell does MHC class 1 protein present to
helper T cells
30
what are the function of B lymphocytes
secrete antibodies - humoral immunity
31
what are the different types of T cells
killer/cytotoxic T cells (to kill) - cellular immunity helper T cell - secrete cytokines to control immune response - help B and T cells suppressor T cells - damp down immune respone
32
how can cytotoxic T cell achieve the killing purpose?
bind to infected cell with antigens presented on the cell surface perforin secreted by cytotoxic T cells makes holes in infected cell's membrane infected cell lose cell integrity and so cell death
33
which 2 interleukins are responsible for allergic reaction?
IL4, IL5
34
which interleukin is responsible for autoimmune response
IL17
35
definition of hypersensitivity
Undesirable, damaging, discomfort-producing and sometimes fatal reactions produced by the normal immune system (directed against innocuous antigens) in a pre-sensitized (immune) host.
36
what are the 4 different types of hypersensitivity
Type 1 - IgE mediated reaction Type 2 - cytotoxic reaction Type 3 - immune complex reaction Type 4 - Cell mediated reaction (DTH)
37
how is Type 1 hypersensitivity generated
IgE mediated mast cell and basophil degranulation - release inflammatory mediators
38
what is clinical features of type 1 hypersensitivity
fast onset (15-30 mins), weal and flare, can have late response after 1st
39
what is the severe type 1 hypersensitivity
anaphylaxis
40
how does type 1 hypersensitivity work?
allergen posessed by B cells which produce IgE IgE cross link with Fc receptors on sensitised mast cell mast cells then release inflammatory mediators eg histamine & synthesis lipid mediators
41
what are the effect of type 1 hypersensitivity
histamine - bronchial tree constriction, fluid leakage, hypotension, purulent secretion and diarrhoea
42
what is early phase response of type 1 hypersensitivity
mast cells has FC receptor presented at high density, cross-linking of Fc receptors by allergen leads to activation of mast cell - degranulation (inflammatory mediators, synthesis of lipid mediators)
43
what are some examples of inflammatory mediators which will be released from degranulation?
histamine, kallikerin (bradykinin)
44
what are late phase response of type 1 hypersensitivity
- basophils (same function as mast cells but over long time scale) - eosinophils (release cytotoxic protein - major source of tissue damage in allergic response ) - T cell responses (both early and late response) (cytokine production, another major source of pathogenesis in allergic responses)
45
what is type 2 hypersensitivity
antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions (binding of antibody to target antigen on cell membrane - activation of complement cascade resulting in cell lysis & resulting in phagocytosis % destruction
46
what can activate type 2 hypersensitivity
initiated by IgM or complement-binding IgG
47
what cells are usually affected?
haematopoietic cells
48
what cause type2 hypersensitivity
blood group incompatibility, autoimmune haemolytic anaemias
49
which hypersensitivities can penicillin cause?
All 4 types
50
what is type 3 hypersensitivity?
immune complex reactions
51
how is type 3 hypersensitivity caused?
1 IgG + Ag = AgAb complex 2. FcR in complex bind C1q 3. Complement activation leads to generation of activated complement fragments 4a. C5a - attractant for neutrophils 4b. C3b - Opsonin 5. Attempted phagocytosis of complexes - release of enzymes, oxygen radicals 6. Consequence is tissue damage
52
some examples for immune complex reactions
B12 deficiency - binding to intrinsic factor
53
what is type 4 hypersensitivity
T cell mediated - CD4+ cells (MHC class II)
54
how does type 4 hypersensitivity work?
initially perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes & monocytes langerhan's cell present antigen to T cells which release cytokines - recrtiment of macrophages activated macrophages cause tissue damages requires previous exposure to antigen

MOD (19 decks)

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