MOD 4 - Acute Inflammation

Question 1

what are some of the causes of acute inflammation?

Answer 1

Tissue death (ischaemia, trauma, toxins, chemical insults, thermal injury), Infection (especially bacterial - pyogenic)

Question 2

what are the purpose of acute inflammation

Answer 2

clear away dead tissues, locally protect from infection, allow access of immune system components

Question 3

what are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation

Answer 3

calor (heat), rubor (redness), dolor (pain), tumor (swelling), function laesa (disturbance of function)

Question 4

what are the 3 components of the acute inflammatory response?

Answer 4

Vascular reaction - dilation (rubor) changes in flow, exudative reaction - formation of inflammatory exudate (leaking out of blood vessels/organs - tumor), cellular reaction - migration of inflammatory cells out of vessels

Question 5

what is pyrexia?

Answer 5

temperature - fever

Question 6

what does vascular reaction component of the acute inflammatory response involve?

Answer 6

microvascular dilation - leading to initial blood flow to increase - but blood flow is decreased after a short while as the permeability of the blood vessels increase ie volume loss to extracellular space

Question 7

what are the 2 types of permeability?

Answer 7

mediated - by mediator such as histamine, bradykinin, NO, Luekotriene B4, complement components & non-mediated such as direct dmage to endothelium eg toxins, physical agents

Question 8

what is contained within the acute inflammatory exudate?

Answer 8

protein rich - contain immunoglobulins & fibrinogens (fibrinogen - convert to fibrin which form a mesh around the cause of inflammation which hopefully contain it.

Question 9

why is acute inflammatory exudate constantly turning over?

Answer 9

to dilute noxious agent, to spread the inflammatory mediators, to spread antibodies & drugs, to transport pathogens to lymph nodes (stimulate immune reaction)

Question 10

what is the exudate reaction of the acute inflammatory reaction?

Answer 10

formation of inflammatory exudate

Question 11

what does the cellular reaction of the acute inflammatory reaction involve?

Answer 11

accumulation of neutrophils in extracellular space

Question 12

what happens in severe cellular reaction of the acute inflammatory reaction?

Answer 12

accumulation of neutrophils, cellular debris and bacteria will form pus ie pyogenic

Question 13

Will acute inflammatory response in different part of the body be the same

Answer 13

no - eg bronchus contain a purulent acute inflammatory exudate.

Question 14

where is neutrophils produced?

Answer 14

bone marrow

Question 15

when will neutrophils increase?

Answer 15

in acute inflammation

Question 16

what attracts the neutrophils towards the site of inflammation?

Answer 16

direct chemotaxins

Question 17

what is the lifespan of neutrophils like?

Answer 17

short lifespan (hours in tissue)

Question 18

what properties do neutrophils have?

Answer 18

phagocytic, microbiocidal

Question 19

what are the 2 types of process which break down the pathogens by neutrophils

Answer 19

O2 dependent & O2 independent

Question 20

which enzyme is used by o2 dependent process to break down pathogen

Answer 20

myeloperoxidase - produce free radials eg H2O2, Cl-, O2-, OH-

Question 21

which enzymes are involved in o2 independent process of breaking down pathogens by neutrophils?

Answer 21

lysozyme, lactoferrin, cationic proteins

Question 22

what is pavementing

Answer 22

it is the adhesion of the neutrophil polymorphs and lining up of neutrophil polymorphs along the side of endothelium waiting to leak out of the blood vessels

Question 23

what happens to the neutrophil polymorphs after the pavementing?

Answer 23

the neutrophil polymorphs will then go down the chemotaxic gradients towards the very site of inflammation ie migration

Question 24

what are some of the mediators of acute inflammation for vascular dilation?

Answer 24

histamine, PGE2/I2, VIP, NO, PAF

Question 25

where can inflammatory mediator derived from?

Answer 25

cell (which can also be stored in cells), plasma derived

Question 26

what is the role of the endothelial cells within the endothelium of the blood vessels?

Answer 26

the endothelial cells of the blood vessels are activated in order for neutrophils polymorphs to exit the blood vessels ie they take an active role within the inflammatory process