CP17 - Abnormalities of Growth, Differentiation and Morphogenesis

Question 1

what is adaptations of cells?

Answer 1

reversible changes in cells usually due to changes in environment or demand

Question 2

what is the difference between cellular adaptation for physiological and pathological adaptation

Answer 2

physiological - responding to normal changes in physiology or demannd

pathological - responding to disease related changes

Question 3

what else can undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia except the cell itself?

Answer 3

subcellular organelles - eg smooth ER hypertrophy in hepatocytes with barbiturates to increase metabolism of other drugs

Question 4

what is gynaecomastia

Answer 4

enlargement of men’s breast usually due to hormonal imbalance

Question 5

what are some examples of physiological atrophy?

Answer 5

embryogenesis, uterus after pregnancy or menopause

Question 6

what are some examples for pathological atrophy

Answer 6

Decreased workload (disuse atrophy)
Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy)
Diminished blood supply
Inadequate nutrition (eg cachexia)
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Pressure

Question 7

what is involution

Answer 7

physiological atrophy by apoptosis

Question 8

what is metaplasia

Answer 8

transformation of one differentiated cell type into another

Question 9

what are some examples of metaplasia

Answer 9

pseudostratified cilliated bronchial epithelium - to squamous epithelium after cigarette smoke

Question 10

what is dysplasia

Answer 10

earliest morphological manifestation of multistage process of neoplasia - in-situ, non invasive