MOD Flashcards
what are the irreversable changes to the DNA
pyknosis (shrinkage), karyolysis (dissolution), or karyorrhexis (fragmentation)
what is glutathion covverted into and what is the enzyme involved
glutathion disulphide and glutathion peroxidase
define cosis
spectrum of changes in an injured cell
define infarction
tissue death due to obstructed blood supply
what is wound dehiscence
insufficient fibrosis in healing leads to hernia/ ulcers
what are types of cellular leakage and what mediates them and when
• Endothelial cell contraction => gaps/immediate
o histamine, bradykinins and leukotrienes
• Junctional retraction => gaps/4-6h later
o Mediated by cytokines, IL-1, TNF
• Direct endothelial injury
• Leukocyte-dependent endothelial injury
o Late response
• Increase in transcytosis
o channels across endothelial cytoplasm => body substances can damage the cell =>VEGF
what enzeyme catalysis linkage betweeb fibrins
transglutaminase
how are gla domins added tpoo clotting cascade factors
alpha-carboxyglutamate and vit k
what do different clotting inactivators do
antithrombin3-heparin; alpha1-antitrypsin => thrombin
protein C and S=> V and VII
plaminogen=> plasmin => thrombin (inactivated by plasminogen activator inhibitors)
what are the differences between arterial and venous thrombi
Arterial =>pale, granular, lines of Zahn, lower cell content
Venous => soft, gelatinous, deep red, higher cell content
what arethe triggeres for dissaminated intravenous coagulation
extensive tissue damage, infection, trauma, liver disease, obstetric complications
what type of condition is haemophilia and what factors are affacted
X-linked recessive
a=> 8
b=>9
Give examples of some cancer markers
• Human chronic gonadotrophin o Testicular teratomas • α-fetaprotein • ` hepatocellular carcinoma • CA-125 o Overian cancer • Prostate-specific antigen o Prostate cancer
what is the recomaended alcohol intake?
men => 21 units a week/4 units per day
women=> 14 units per week/3 units per day
