metabolism

Question 1

how is malnutrition tested

Answer 1

malnutrition universal screening test

Question 2

what’s the differences between Kwashirokor and Marasmus

Answer 2

Marasmus => insuficient food intake in under 4s

Kwashirokor=> insufficient protein intake

Question 3

what is dinatrophenol

Answer 3

an uncoupling moleccul

Question 4

What molecules block oxiditive phosphorylation

Answer 4

cyonide and carbon monoxide

Question 5

what is the protein that allowsuse of brown tissue in babies for heat production

Answer 5

Thrombogenin

Question 6

What is the enzymatic defect in homocystinuria

Answer 6

cystathionine β-synthase no cystein and overproduction of methionin

Question 7

What is the enzymatic defect in phenylkitanuria

Answer 7

phenylalanin hydroxylase

Question 8

what are consequences of elevated homocystein

Answer 8

affects CVS, connective tissue, CNS, muscles, fibrin

Question 9

what nucleus is responsible for biological clock and what molecule stimulates it

Answer 9

superchiasmatic nucleus by melatonin from pinnal gland

Question 10

what are the fluid comparments of the body and what is their content

Answer 10

45-50% of body mas in F
50-60% of body mass in M
intracellular => 28l (35%)
extracellular => 9.4 (12%)
blood => 4.6 (5%)

Question 11

how is the osmotic damage due to gliucos mediated

Answer 11

through its conversion to sorbitol

also deplets NADPH

Question 12

how is the long term control of blood glucose controlled

Answer 12

HbA1c 4-6% normal, 10% poor control=>control over 2-3 months

Question 13

what are the consequences of persitant hyperglcaemia

Answer 13

retinal neuropathy and glycoma
neuropathy => glove and sock patern sensory loss
nephrotic syndro=> microalbuminuria
diabetic foot => infection and reduced vblood supply
increased chances of infection

Question 14

where is the apetite controlled

Answer 14

Arcate nucleus

Question 15

what are the mediators for apertite control in the (primary to secondary )

Answer 15

POMC derivatives => alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, beta-endorphin and ACTH
Exc: neuropeptide Y and AgRP

Question 16

whta are the peripheral hormones involved in apetite

Answer 16

PYY => full stomach
Ghrelin=> empty stomach
Leptin => fat supplies
Amylin => form beta cells of the pancries => supresses apetite

Question 17

Define metabolic syndrom

Answer 17

Group of symptoms including insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance and hypertension associated with central adiposity.

Question 18

what is the blood supply to the pituitary gland

Answer 18

Superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries

Question 19

What is the clinical presentation of acromegaly

Answer 19

increased bone size, sweating, headache, hypertension, diabetes

Question 20

how is addison’s dignosed

Answer 20

Synacthen test, analog of ACTH => highlights promary vs secondary causes

Question 21

what are the characteristics of congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 21

abnormal enzymes for steroid synthesis => no feedback on pituitary and raised ACTH=> hyperplasia of the adrenal

Question 22

what is the deoxmethasone test used for

Answer 22

distingishing between ACTH and adrenal problem => hogh cortisol means adrenal problem

Question 23

what are the symptoms of cushion’s

Answer 23

weight gain, modd changes (depression, lethargy, irritibilty psychosis), proximapl weakness, gonadal dysfuntion (erectile dysfunction), steroid diabetes, osteoporosis

Question 24

What are the signs of cushion’s

Answer 24

central obesity, moon face, supraclavicular fat, infection prone and poor healing

Question 25

what are possible causes of Cushion's

Answer 25

ACTH: pituitary adenoma (cushion's disase), small cell carcionoma cortisol: adrenal adenoma/cancer, iatrogenic

Question 26

what does DMARD sttands for

Answer 26

disease-modifying antirhematoid drugs (DMARD)

Question 27

what is the precursor for T3 and 4 what is it cleaved to

Answer 27

Thyroglobulin => DIT and MIT

Question 28

what is T3 (tri-iodinothyronin) and T4 (thyroxin) bound to in the blood

Answer 28

thyronin

Question 29

What are the functions of T3 and T4

Answer 29

increase BMR => size/number of mitochondria, O2 concentration, nutrient utilisation metabolic pathwyas stimulation normal growth and development bone mineralisation protein and glycoprotein turnover in the skin increases tissue resp[onsivness to NA and reproductive hormones increases responsivness of tissue through increase in neurotransmittor mylination, speed of reflexes, alertnes, emotional tone , memory

Question 30

what are the symptoms of hypothyrodism

Answer 30

``` Cold intolerance and reduced BMR. Weight gain Tiredness and lethargy Bradycardia. Neuromuscular system - weakness, muscle cramps and cerebellar ataxia (clumsiness of movement). Skin dry and flaky. Alopecia (hair loss). Voice is deep and husky ```

Question 31

what are the symptoms of hyperthyrodism?

Answer 31

Heat intolerance, increased oxygen consumption and increased BMR. Weight loss Physical and mental hyperactivity. Tachycardia (palpitation) => sympathetic activation Intestinal hyper-mobility. Skeletal and cardiac myopathy giving rise to tiredness, weakness and breathlessness. Osteoporosis due to increased bone turnover and preferential resorption. GI hypermobility

Question 32

what drug inhibits incorporation of iodin into thyroglobulin

Answer 32

carbimazole