Mod 2-4 Bronchogenic Carcinoma Flashcards
What is bronchogenic carcinoma?
Lung cancer
What percentage of lung cancer cases are diagnosed while the cancer is confined to the primary site?
16%
When the cancer is still confined to the primary site it is in what stage?
Localized stage
What percentage of lung cancer cases are diagnosed after the cancer has spread to regional lymph nodes or directly beyond the primary site?
37%
What percentage of lung cancer cases are diagnosed after the cancer has already metastasized?
39%
What stage of lung cancer is it when the cancer has metastasized?
Distant stage
What percentage of lung cancer cases had unknown staging information?
8%
___% of lung cancer cases have already spread to other sites when the disease is identified.
76%
What is the definition of bronchogenic carcinoma?
Most common primary malignant lung neoplasm; arises from the mucosa of the bronchial tree.
What is the etiology of bronchogenic carcinoma?
Cause is unclear, but closely linked to cigarette smoking and inhalation of cancer-causing agents in the environment (air pollution, exhaust gases, industrial funds).
Lung cancers most commonly arise from what?
The mucosa of the bronchial tree.
*Often referred to simply as bronchogenic carcinoma, a non-specific term used interchangeable with lung cancer.
What percentage of lung tumors are bronchogenic carcinoma?
90%
What percentage of patients with lung cancer are cigarette smokers?
85-90%
*Cigarette smoking appears to be the strongest risk factor for developing lung cancer.
Other than smoking, what are risk factors for developing lung cancer?
Obstructive lung disease, chronic bronchitis, being male, and African-American male.
*life-style
What is the most common cause of cancer death in male and females?
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Bronchogenic carcinoma is seen primarily between what ages?
45-75 years old with the peak incidence at age 70.
What are the two major categories of bronchogenic carcinoma?
Small Cell Lung Cancer and Non-small cell lung cancer
What are the two types of non-small cell lung cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
*Text says squamous cell is more common, but several sites indicate that adenocarcinoma is the most common type.
What percentage of lung cancers are small cell lung cancer? Non-small lung cancer?
Small cell lung cancer - 20%
Non-small cell lung cancer - 80%
What is the more aggressive type of lung cancer?
Small cell carcinoma
What percentage of those treated of small cell carcinoma will be free of the disease 2 years later?
10%
Where are most tumors originate in small cell lung cancers?
Centrally located, mid-sized airways and involve the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes very early.
How are the tumors of small cell carcinoma’s characterized?
Rapid growth and early metastasized.
Where are the most common metastasized sites of small cell carcinoma?
Bones, liver, adrenal glands, pericardium, brain and spinal cord.
What is the most common type of small cell carcinoma?
Oat-cell
The book states what type of lung cancer is most common?
Squamous cell or epithelial type non-small cell lung cancer
Squamous cell or epithelial type non-small cell carcinoma has been clearly linked to what? And since when?
Linked to smoking since the 1950’s
Where does Squamous cell (epithelial) type non-small cell carcinoma develop?
In the large airways
In what way does most tumors of squamous cell small-cell carcinoma metastasize?
It usually does not go to distant sites but remains localized to the lung.
What is the number one type of lung cancer in men?
Squamous cell (epithelial) non-small cell carcinoma
What type of non-small cell carcinoma is most common type seen in women?
Adenocarcinoma
The incidence of what type of lung cancer has grown significantly over the past 10-15 years?
Adenocarcinoma
Bronchiolar carcinoma is considered a subtype of what type of lung cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
Where does adenocarcinoma tend to develop?
Deeper in the bronchial tree, in the smaller and more peripherally located airways.
Where does adenocarcinoma metastasize?
It prefers distant sites
How quickly do bronchogenic carcinomas begin their cellular changes?
Rather slowly and tend to evolve silently.
Researchers believe lung cancer develops over a __ to __ year period.
10 to 30
What is the most common symptom of lung cancer?
Presence of cough
*Often dismissed as a “smokers cough”
Other than cough, what are some other respiratory symptoms of lung cancer?
Constant chest pain, dyspnea (shortness of breath), wheezing, coughing up blood.
What are some systemic symptoms of lung cancer?
Fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, headache.
Radiographic manifestations of bronchogenic carcinoma vary based on what?
Type of cancer and its location within the bronchial tree.
What are the three ways a bronchogenic carcinoma tumor may appear radiographically?
Solitary mass, several nodules scattered throughout the chest, or as an irregular mass simulating pneumonia.
This type of lung cancer tends to form in the centrally located, major bronchi.
Squamous cell (non-small cell lung cancer)
This type of lung cancer generally arises in peripheral locations, developing in the smaller, more deploy located airways.
Adenocarcinoma (non-small cell lung cancer)
This type of lung cancer is bulky, centrally located tumors that involve the hilar lymph nodes, often appearing bilaterally.
Small cell or oat cell carcinoma
Can a radiologist determine whether a lung mass is malignant or benign based on just the radiograph?
No. The radiologist will only report what is suspected from the radiographic characteristics of the nodule.
What percentage of lung mass or nodules end up being malignant?
40-50%
*50-60% are benign
Nodules whose borders are shaggy and ill-defined are usually what?
malignant
Other than shaggy borders, what are some other signs indicating malignancy?
Atelectasis (collapse of the lung caused by airway blocking by a mass), unilateral hilar enlargement, cavitation (similar to an abscess.
What is one of the earliest signs of carcinoma?
Unilateral hilar enlargement
What sign would be present in advanced disease?
Cavitation, a process similar to an abscess.
Describe a malignant lung mass.
Shaggy borders, lines of extension from the mass, grows in size.
What are some characteristics of benign lung lesions?
Smooth, round borders and rate of growth.
A pulmonary mass that does not change size in two years or more is usually considered ________.
benign
What does the “popcorn” appearance of small calcifications indicate?
The mass was once a site of inflammation or infection such as TB and the area has healed.
What affect does malignancy and atelectasis have on radiographic technique?
They will both attenuate the beam more than the surrounding normal tissue.
What are two radiographic considerations when bronchogenic carcinoma is the diagnosis?
Position to include all of the ribs and have previous images available for comparison.
