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Radiologic Pathologies 3461 > Mod 2-4 Bronchogenic Carcinoma > Flashcards

Mod 2-4 Bronchogenic Carcinoma Flashcards

1
Q

What is bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

Lung cancer

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2
Q

What percentage of lung cancer cases are diagnosed while the cancer is confined to the primary site?

A

16%

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3
Q

When the cancer is still confined to the primary site it is in what stage?

A

Localized stage

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4
Q

What percentage of lung cancer cases are diagnosed after the cancer has spread to regional lymph nodes or directly beyond the primary site?

A

37%

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5
Q

What percentage of lung cancer cases are diagnosed after the cancer has already metastasized?

A

39%

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6
Q

What stage of lung cancer is it when the cancer has metastasized?

A

Distant stage

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7
Q

What percentage of lung cancer cases had unknown staging information?

A

8%

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8
Q

___% of lung cancer cases have already spread to other sites when the disease is identified.

A

76%

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9
Q

What is the definition of bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

Most common primary malignant lung neoplasm; arises from the mucosa of the bronchial tree.

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10
Q

What is the etiology of bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

Cause is unclear, but closely linked to cigarette smoking and inhalation of cancer-causing agents in the environment (air pollution, exhaust gases, industrial funds).

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11
Q

Lung cancers most commonly arise from what?

A

The mucosa of the bronchial tree.

*Often referred to simply as bronchogenic carcinoma, a non-specific term used interchangeable with lung cancer.

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12
Q

What percentage of lung tumors are bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

90%

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13
Q

What percentage of patients with lung cancer are cigarette smokers?

A

85-90%

*Cigarette smoking appears to be the strongest risk factor for developing lung cancer.

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14
Q

Other than smoking, what are risk factors for developing lung cancer?

A

Obstructive lung disease, chronic bronchitis, being male, and African-American male.
*life-style

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of cancer death in male and females?

A

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

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16
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma is seen primarily between what ages?

A

45-75 years old with the peak incidence at age 70.

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17
Q

What are the two major categories of bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

Small Cell Lung Cancer and Non-small cell lung cancer

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18
Q

What are the two types of non-small cell lung cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

*Text says squamous cell is more common, but several sites indicate that adenocarcinoma is the most common type.

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19
Q

What percentage of lung cancers are small cell lung cancer? Non-small lung cancer?

A

Small cell lung cancer - 20%

Non-small cell lung cancer - 80%

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20
Q

What is the more aggressive type of lung cancer?

A

Small cell carcinoma

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21
Q

What percentage of those treated of small cell carcinoma will be free of the disease 2 years later?

A

10%

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22
Q

Where are most tumors originate in small cell lung cancers?

A

Centrally located, mid-sized airways and involve the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes very early.

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23
Q

How are the tumors of small cell carcinoma’s characterized?

A

Rapid growth and early metastasized.

24
Q

Where are the most common metastasized sites of small cell carcinoma?

A

Bones, liver, adrenal glands, pericardium, brain and spinal cord.

25
Q

What is the most common type of small cell carcinoma?

A

Oat-cell

26
Q

The book states what type of lung cancer is most common?

A

Squamous cell or epithelial type non-small cell lung cancer

27
Q

Squamous cell or epithelial type non-small cell carcinoma has been clearly linked to what? And since when?

A

Linked to smoking since the 1950’s

28
Q

Where does Squamous cell (epithelial) type non-small cell carcinoma develop?

A

In the large airways

29
Q

In what way does most tumors of squamous cell small-cell carcinoma metastasize?

A

It usually does not go to distant sites but remains localized to the lung.

30
Q

What is the number one type of lung cancer in men?

A

Squamous cell (epithelial) non-small cell carcinoma

31
Q

What type of non-small cell carcinoma is most common type seen in women?

A

Adenocarcinoma

32
Q

The incidence of what type of lung cancer has grown significantly over the past 10-15 years?

A

Adenocarcinoma

33
Q

Bronchiolar carcinoma is considered a subtype of what type of lung cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

34
Q

Where does adenocarcinoma tend to develop?

A

Deeper in the bronchial tree, in the smaller and more peripherally located airways.

35
Q

Where does adenocarcinoma metastasize?

A

It prefers distant sites

36
Q

How quickly do bronchogenic carcinomas begin their cellular changes?

A

Rather slowly and tend to evolve silently.

37
Q

Researchers believe lung cancer develops over a __ to __ year period.

A

10 to 30

38
Q

What is the most common symptom of lung cancer?

A

Presence of cough

*Often dismissed as a “smokers cough”

39
Q

Other than cough, what are some other respiratory symptoms of lung cancer?

A

Constant chest pain, dyspnea (shortness of breath), wheezing, coughing up blood.

40
Q

What are some systemic symptoms of lung cancer?

A

Fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, headache.

41
Q

Radiographic manifestations of bronchogenic carcinoma vary based on what?

A

Type of cancer and its location within the bronchial tree.

42
Q

What are the three ways a bronchogenic carcinoma tumor may appear radiographically?

A

Solitary mass, several nodules scattered throughout the chest, or as an irregular mass simulating pneumonia.

43
Q

This type of lung cancer tends to form in the centrally located, major bronchi.

A

Squamous cell (non-small cell lung cancer)

44
Q

This type of lung cancer generally arises in peripheral locations, developing in the smaller, more deploy located airways.

A

Adenocarcinoma (non-small cell lung cancer)

45
Q

This type of lung cancer is bulky, centrally located tumors that involve the hilar lymph nodes, often appearing bilaterally.

A

Small cell or oat cell carcinoma

46
Q

Can a radiologist determine whether a lung mass is malignant or benign based on just the radiograph?

A

No. The radiologist will only report what is suspected from the radiographic characteristics of the nodule.

47
Q

What percentage of lung mass or nodules end up being malignant?

A

40-50%

*50-60% are benign

48
Q

Nodules whose borders are shaggy and ill-defined are usually what?

A

malignant

49
Q

Other than shaggy borders, what are some other signs indicating malignancy?

A

Atelectasis (collapse of the lung caused by airway blocking by a mass), unilateral hilar enlargement, cavitation (similar to an abscess.

50
Q

What is one of the earliest signs of carcinoma?

A

Unilateral hilar enlargement

51
Q

What sign would be present in advanced disease?

A

Cavitation, a process similar to an abscess.

52
Q

Describe a malignant lung mass.

A

Shaggy borders, lines of extension from the mass, grows in size.

53
Q

What are some characteristics of benign lung lesions?

A

Smooth, round borders and rate of growth.

54
Q

A pulmonary mass that does not change size in two years or more is usually considered ________.

A

benign

55
Q

What does the “popcorn” appearance of small calcifications indicate?

A

The mass was once a site of inflammation or infection such as TB and the area has healed.

56
Q

What affect does malignancy and atelectasis have on radiographic technique?

A

They will both attenuate the beam more than the surrounding normal tissue.

57
Q

What are two radiographic considerations when bronchogenic carcinoma is the diagnosis?

A

Position to include all of the ribs and have previous images available for comparison.

Radiologic Pathologies 3461 (28 decks)

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