Mod 1 Anatomy Flashcards
The right side (base) of the heart is located __
the left side (apex) of the heart is located ___
2nd intercostal space
5th intercostal space around mid clavicular line
What bony structure is covering the heart? what is the cavity the heart sits in?
ribs, sternum, vertebral column
mediastinum
Where does the outer/fibrous pericardium attach to
the sternum and diaphragm
the sensory portion of the ___ nerve innervates the pericardial tissue. The motor portion innervates the ___
phrenic nerve
diaphragm
What is the inner layer of the pericardium and what is it filled with
pariteal fluid layer, serus fluid
What is the inner most layer of the pericardium and the outermost layer right before the heart
epicardium
What are the 3 layers of the heart muscle (outer to inner)
myocardium
endocardium
subendocardium
The heart muscle layer that folds over itself to form the valve tissue
subendocardium
What receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava and coronary veins
Right Atrium
extra muscular pouch that help atrium contract and collects more blood
the auricles
recieves de-oxygenated blood from RA and connects to pulmonary trunk
Right Ventricle
receives oxygenated blood from L atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Atrium
Right Auricle
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
superior vena cava
Aorta
pulmonary trunk
Left Atria
Left Auricle
Left Ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
The brachiocephalic splits into what 2 arteries
Carotid and Subclavian
The aorta splits into ___
the brachiocephalic, left common carotid and left subclavian
What valve going between the R atria and R ventricle
tricuspid (R AV valve)
what valve goes between the L atria and L ventricle
bicuspid (L AV valve)
That valve is between the R ventricle and the pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary semilunar valve
What valve is between L ventricle and aorta
Aortic semilunar valve
What attaches the cusps to the myocardium? What helps contract to pull valvue closed?
the chordae tendineae
papillary muscle
What valves are closing during S1? What letters on the ECG?
Mitral valves (bicuspid and Tricuspid)
QRS
What valves are closing on S2?
Aortic and pulmonary valves
Where is the SA and AV node located?
SA: superior vena cava and R atrium juncture
AV: inferior portion of R atria
What is Bachman’s bundle? Why does this happen?
electrical impulse going from R atrium to L atrium
So the atria contract at the same time
why does the electrical impulse have to slow down after the AV node?
So the ventricles can contract after the atria
The electrical impulse travels from the AV bundle to the ___ then it goes to the ___
Bundle of his, splits to go into R and L ventricles
Who has control of the myocardial contraction?
Autonomic nervous system
Vagus nerve
The P with is associated with the
activation of the atria
the QRS complex is associated with the
activation of the ventricles
the T was is associated with the
repolarization of the ventricles
Where is the action potential being generated
the SA node
the impulse from the SA node is triggering activation of the ____
atria
How does the electrical impulse get to the ventricles from the SA node
AV node –> bundle of his –> perkinji fibers
the slowing of the signal from the atria to the ventricles is associated with what section on the cardiac cycle
P - R
What is the normal value from P - R
1.2 - 2.0
What is happening at the T wave
ventricular repolarization
What is 1 cardiac cycle
the time it takes to complete one systole and one diastole of the atria and ventricles
How do you calculate 1 cardiac cycle
60 sec / (x)bpm ~ 60/72 = 0.8s for one cardiac cycle for systole and diastole together
what signals the beginning of early systole (early depolarization) of the LV
closure of the mitral/bicuspit (AV) valve
What ECG wave is associated with the start of systole in the LV
Peak of the R wave
What is happening to L ventricular in early systole while the AV valve is closing
there is an isovolumic contraction
What is the purpose of the isovolumic contraction
to build up pressure in the ventricle that forces the aortic valve to open
When the volume starts coming out of the ventricles, what is that associated with on ECG
S - T
Blood is coming out of the ventricles in early ___
systole
What ECG eave corresponds with the end of systole
T wave
What sound is associated with AV valve closing
S1
What sound is associated with aortic valve closing
S2
What ECG letters is start to end of systole
R - T
What is the volume called that is left over in the ventricles after it ejects to aortic valve
End Systolic Volume
What starts early diastole of LV?
opening of AV (mitral/bicuspid) valve
What happens to atrial and ventricular pressure when the AV valve opens in early diastole?
Atrial is slightly above ventricular and blood is flowing passively
When would we here S3? What it the sound caused by?
in early diastole when blood is flowing from atria to ventricle, there is too much left over from ventricle not ejecting properly so its creating a splash
What is signifies late diastole
the atrial kick
What ECG wave is associates with late diastole
P - R interval
What is the volume calling at the end of diastole
End diastolic volume aka Preload
When would S4 be heard? What is causing this sound?
end of diastole
increased stiffness of the L ventricle, trying to stuff too much blood into ventricle and causing a sounds
The 2 coronary arteries branch off of the __
aorta
What coronary arteries branch of the aorta
L and R coronary arteries
What branches off the L Main Coronary artery
the L anterior descending artery (LAD) and the L circumflex artery
What part of the heart does the LAD supply
anterior portion of L and R ventricles
intraventricular septum (bundle of his is here)
How much of the heart (%) does the LAD supply
70%
What part of the heart does the L circumflex supply?
posterior/lateral portion of the L ventricle and L atrium
What does the R coronary artery supply
R atrium and R ventricle
What artery supplies the SA and AV node
R coronary artery
What branches off the coronary artery
posterior descending artery
What does the posterior descending artery supply?
Part of the posterior R Ventricle
___ collects de-oxygenated blood ___ and dumps it into RA
Coronary sinus
Coronary veins
What are the layers of the arteries (out –> in)
tunica externa
tunica media
tunica interna
endothelium
lumen
Tunica media is made of __ for ___
smooth muscle for vasoconstriction and dilation
The elastic parts of the tunica media serve to ___
accommodate for increases in BP
What is normal blood flow called?
Laminar Blood flow
What is blood flow through a narrow space called?
Turbulent Blood Flow
When resistance increases, velocity ___
decreases
When viscosity decreases, velocity increases
When surface area increases, velocity ___
decreases
Atherosclerosis vs ateriosclerosis
athero : fat build up causes hardening of artieries
arterio: hardening and narrowing of artery walls CAUSED by atherosclerosis
What happens when you have hardening of artery walls (arteriosclerosis)
they are not as elastic and periphery does not get adequate blood flow
