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Nursing Skills > Mod 1 > Flashcards

Mod 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

In vivo

A

Events that occur inside the body

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2
Q

What factors affect microbial growth

A

Availability of nutrition, moisture, temperatures, PH, osmotic pressure, barometric pressure and composition of the atmosphere

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3
Q

Nutrients

A

Various chemical compounds that organisms use to sustain life- gases and other elements

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4
Q

Moisture

A

Cells consist of anywhere between 70% and 95% water

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5
Q

Microorganism that a are commonly on the body are know as what?

A

Normal flora

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6
Q

What is an optimum growth temperature?

A

Where the organism grow best

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7
Q

Minimum growth temperature does what?

A

Ceases the growth

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8
Q

Maximum growth temperature does what?

A

Causes it to die

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9
Q

What grows best in high temperatures? (Up to 113 degrees C)

A

Thermophiles

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10
Q

What grows best in normal body temperature? (Plants and animals)

A

Mesophiles

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11
Q

What grow best in cold temperatures? (Ocean water)

A

Psychrophiles

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12
Q

A group of psychrophiles known as psychrotrophs grow best where?

A

In the refrigerator at 4 degrees C

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13
Q

What microbes live in the human stomach?

A

Acidophiles (Ph 2-5)

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14
Q

Alkaliphiles live where?

A

Inside the intestines (ph > 8.5)

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15
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted on a cell membrane by solutions both inside and outside the cell

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16
Q

What is it called when the concentration of solution in the environment outside the cell are greater then the concentration inside the cell?

A

Hypertonic

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17
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Is the movement of solvent through a permeable membrane from a solution having lower concentration of solute to a solution having higher concentration of solute

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18
Q

What is the shrinkage of a cell due to loss of water called?

A

Crenated

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19
Q

What is it called when the concentration of solute outside the cell are less than the concentration inside the cell?

A

Hypotonic

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20
Q

What is it called when the concentration of solute are equal on the inside and outside?

A

Isotonic

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21
Q

What microbes prefer the same atmosphere as humans?

A

Aerobes (20%-21% oxygen and 78%-79% nitrogen)

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22
Q

What microbes require reduced concentrations of O2?

A

Microaerphiles 5% O2

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23
Q

What are killed by oxygen?

A

Obligate anaerobes

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24
Q

What does bacterial growth refer to?

A

Increase in numbers

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25
Q

What is binary fission?

A

The process of one cell dividing into two cells

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26
Q

What is generation time?

A

The time it take one cell to become two cells

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27
Q

Under ideal conditions what is the cell generation time of E. Coli, V. cholerae, Staphylococcus and streptococcus?

A

20 minutes

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28
Q

Under ideal conditions what is the generation time for pseudomonas and clostridium?

A

10 minutes

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29
Q

Under ideal conditions what is the generation time for mycobacterium and tuberculosis?

A

18- 24 hours

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30
Q

artificial or synthetic media

A

Do not occur naturally

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31
Q

Chemically defined medium

A

All ingredients are know and prepared in the lab

32
Q

Complex medium

A

Contents are not known and contains ground up or digested extracts from animal organs, fish, yeast and plants

33
Q

Enriched medium

A

Broth or solid contains rich supply of nutrients ( blood and chocolate agar)

34
Q

Selected media

A

Are used to grow specific types of bacteria while inhibiting unwanted bacteria

35
Q

Differential medium

A

Allows one to readily differentiate among the various types of organisms growing on the medium (MacConkey agar)

36
Q

What is in inoculation?

A

Adding a portion of the specimen to the medium

37
Q

What is incubation?

A

Appropriate atmosphere and moisture level needed to grow organisms

38
Q

Sterilization

A

Destruction or elimination of all microbes (surgical asepsis)

39
Q

Disinfection

A

Eliminating most of or all pathogens (except bacterial spores) not used on living tissue

40
Q

Pasteurization

A

Kills microbes in wine and eliminates pathogens fro milk

41
Q

Antiseptic

A

Disinfects skin, reduces the number of organisms on a surface

42
Q

Microbistatic agent

A

Inhibits the reproduction of microorganism

43
Q

Bacteriostatic agents

A

Inhibits the metabolism and reproduction of bacteria

44
Q

Sepsis

A

Presence of pathogens

45
Q

Asepsis

A

Absence of pathogens/free of microbial contaminants

46
Q

Sporicidal agents

A

Kills bacteria endospores

47
Q

Bactericidal

A

Kills bacteria

48
Q

Fungicidal agent

A

Kills fungicides and fungal spores

49
Q

Anseptic techniques

A

Eliminating and exclude pathogens by hand hygiene,sterile gloves, mask, gowns.

50
Q

Antisepsis

A

Preventing infection

51
Q

Sterile techniques

A

Are used to exclude all microorganism

52
Q

What is dry heat used to sterilize?

A

Metals, glassware, some powders, oils and wax

53
Q

What is the most effective type of sterilization?

A

Moist heat is faster and can be accomplished at lower temperatures

54
Q

What causes proteins to coagulate?

A

Moist heat

55
Q

Autoclave

A

Is a large metal pressure cooker that destroys all microbial life

56
Q

In vitro

A

Events that occur outside the body

57
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

The use of any chemical drug to treat any disease or condition

58
Q

Antimicrobial agent

A

Chemicals used to treat an infectious disease either by inviting or killing pathogens without harming the host

59
Q

What drugs are used to kill bacterial diseases?

A

Antibacterial agents

60
Q

What inhibits the growth of bacteria?

A

Bacteriostatic

61
Q

What kills bacteria?

A

Bactericidal agents (penicillin and cephalosporins)

62
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming in 1928

63
Q

What are antibiotics that have been chemically modified to kill a wider variety of pathogens?

A

Semisynthetic antibiotics

64
Q

What is the difference between narrow spectrum antibiotics and broad spectrum?

A

Narrow kill either gram positive or gram negative and broad kill both

65
Q

Why are multidrug therapies used?

A

To simultaneously kill all the pathogens and to prevent resistant Mutant pathogens from emerging - TB requires 4 drugs and up to 12 may be required

66
Q

What is synergism?

A

Is the use of more than one drug with more killing power than if the drug was used alone

67
Q

Antagonism

A

Is when the use of two drug cause them to work against each other

68
Q

What drugs are more toxic to the patient?

A

Antifungal and anti protozoan drugs

69
Q

How do bacteria become resistant?

A

Some are naturally because they lack a target site for that drug others because the drug is unable to cross the cell wall (intrinsic resistance) and others because of chromosomal mutations (acquired resistance)

70
Q

What are two types of b- lactamases

A

Penicillinases and cephalosporinases

71
Q

What are strategies in the war on drugs resistance?

A

Education, prescribe only when warranted, take antibiotics in the manner they are prescribed and do not keep unused antibiotics

72
Q

Should antibiotics be used for a cold or sore throat?

A

No because most colds and spare throats are caused by viruses and are unaffected by antibiotics

73
Q

What is empiric therapy?

A

When therapy is initiated before lab results are back

74
Q

What factors should be considered before issuing certain antimicrobial agents?

A

Allergies, age, pregnant, inpatient or outpatient, is the drug available to the hospital pharmacy, current medical condition, medical history, leukemia or immunocompromised and cost

75
Q

What are the risk of over use of antibiotics?

A

The microorganisms can become resistant

Nursing Skills (8 decks)

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