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Biology AQA GCSE > MOCKS > Flashcards

MOCKS Flashcards

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1
Q

size of a eukaryotic cell

A

10-100 um

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2
Q

size of a prokaryotic cell

A

0.1 - 5 um

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3
Q

what is the magnification and resolution of a light microscope

A

magnification: x 2000
resolution: x 200 nm

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4
Q

what is the magnification of an electron microscope

A

x 2,000,000

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5
Q

what is the resolution of a transmission and scanning microscope

A

transmission: 0.2nm
scanning: 10nm

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6
Q

size of image =

A

magnification * size of object

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7
Q

what two ways can you grow microorganisms in the lab

A

nutrient broth solution, agar jelly

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8
Q

why is the petri dish stored upside down

A

yo prevent condensation from the lid landing on the agar surface and disrupting growth

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9
Q

what are enzymes

A

biological catalysts that can break large molecules and join small ones

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10
Q

when an enzyme and substrate bond what do they form

A

an enzyme substrate complex

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11
Q

what two tests can you perform to test for lipids and what are the results if it is positive

A

Emulsion test - cloudy layer if lipid is present when ethanol is added
Sudan III test - red layer forms on top

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12
Q

rate =

A

change/time

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13
Q

RP: DESCRIBE THE EFFECT OF pH ON AN ENZYME

A
  1. drop of iodine is put into each well in a spotting tile
  2. using a water bath, warm a solution of amylase, starch and a buffer solution (independent variable)
  3. at regular intervals (10 secs) take drops of the solution and place in wells
  4. the starch is no longer present when idodine solution remains brown
  5. record the time it took for this to occur
  6. calculate the rate: 1000/time

the experiment should er repeated at different pH values.

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14
Q

advantage of using stents

A

effective in lowering the risk of a heart attavk, fast recovery time

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15
Q

disadvantages of using stents

A

thrombosis (blood clots) can form, infection or heart attacks could occur during surgery

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16
Q

what do statins do

A

they are drugs which reduce the level of bad cholesterol in out body (help with CHD)

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17
Q

advantages of using statins

A

reduce the risk of stroke, CHD and heart attacks, increase the level lf good cholesterol

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18
Q

disadvantages of using statins

A

can have side effects , may not hace an immediate effect, has to be taken continuously

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19
Q

biological valves can be used to fix faulty valves. name one advantage and one disadvantage

A

adv: works very well
dis: lasts only 12-15yrs

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20
Q

mechanical valves can be used to fix faulty valves. state one advantage and one disadvantage

A

adv: lasts a long time
dis: needs a lot of medication

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21
Q

state the advantages of using an artificial heart

A

less likely to be rejected as it isn’t recognised as foreign

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22
Q

state the disadvantages of using an artificial heart

A

temporarily leaves the body exposed to infection, blood clots can form, motor can fail and the mechanical parts wear out, drugs are taken to thin the patients blood (infects the individual’s bleeding if they are hurt)

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23
Q

if there is extreme blood loss how can it be solved.

A

by using artificial blood (salt solution)

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24
Q

state an advantage and disadvantage of using artificial blood

A

adv: has more time to produce new cells
dis: can only be used for short periods of time then a blood transfusion has to take place

25
Q

how does smoking and alcohol consumption affect pregnancy

A

reduces the amount of oxygen transported - can have effects on the development of the brain in the foetus

26
Q

what does exposure to carcinogens affect

A

cancer

27
Q

how are communicable diseases spread

A

direct contact, airborne organisms, indirect contac, contaminated food and drink

28
Q

how can transmission of communicable diseases be prevented by

A

improving hygiene, reducing contact with infected individuals, removing vectors, vaccination

29
Q

how are measles spread and how can it be prevented

A

spread via droplet infection and can be prevented via vaccination

30
Q

how is TMV spread and how can it prevented. what are the symptoms

A

discolouration of leaves. spread via contact-insects act as vectors. prevented by growing TMV resistant strains and good field hygiene and pest control

31
Q

how does bacteria damage cells

A

produce toxins

32
Q

what type of disease is gonorrhoea

A

bacterial disease

33
Q

how is gonorrhoea spread and how can it be prevented

A

spread through unprotected sexual contact and to prevent it you can use contraception and antibiotic.

34
Q

how can crown galls be prevented

A

scientists add new genes to the bacteria

35
Q

how is malaria spread and how can it be prevented

A

spread via vectors (female mosquito) where the protists reproduce sexual lay. the protists enter human blood stream via the mosquito’s saliva and then they enter RBC and damage them

36
Q

describe the production of monoclonal antibodies

A
  1. mouse lymphocytes are stimulated to produce a particular antibody
  2. lymphocytes are extracted abd combined with tumor cells to make a hybridoma cell
  3. hybridoma cells are cloned to produce lots of identical copies
  4. the antibodies are collected and purified
37
Q

how do pregnancy tests work

A

the monoclonal antibodies are specific to the hCG hormone which is present in women’s urine during pregnancy. they will bind to the hormone if present and produce a blue line.

38
Q

monoclonal antibodies can be used in laboratories to…

A

measure and monitor the levels of hormones or chemicals in the blood

39
Q

monoclonal bodies can be used to prevent cancer by blocking…

A

the receptor site which stops them growing and dividing

40
Q

what 3 things in our body is energy needed for

A
  • maintain body temperature
  • muscular contraction
  • build large molecules from smaller ones
41
Q

nervous and hormonal communication is involved in the

A

automatic control systems

42
Q

describe the pathway when there is a change in the environment

A
  • the receptor cells convert the stimulus into an electrical impulse
  • the electrical impulse travels along cells called a sensory neurone to the CNS
  • Information is processed and the appropriate response is coordinated
  • the electrical impulse is sent along the motor neurones to effectors
    -the effectors carry out the response
43
Q

what is the pathway for a reflex arc

A
  • a stimulus is detected by receptors
  • impulses are sent along a sensory neurone
  • in the CNS the impulse passed to a relay neuron
    -impulses are sent along a motor neurone
  • impulse reaches an effector resulting in the appropriate response
44
Q

what is the role of DNA

A

contains instructions for building an organism and instructions to instruct cells to make proteins

45
Q

what are nucleotides

A

things which make up DNA. they are made up of one sugar molecule, a phosphate molecule and one of the four types of organic bases

46
Q

what does coding DNA determine

A

the proteins and their activity

47
Q

name the two types of proteins and give an example

A

structural (muscles)
functional (enzymes)

48
Q

what is gene expression

A

a gene is expressed when it is used to make a protein

49
Q

what is transcription

A

taking a single gene and copying it to mRNA. it takes place inside the nucleus

50
Q

what is translation

A

taking the mRNA and making a protein

51
Q

describe the process of protein synthesis

A

transcription:
- DNA contains the genetic code for making a protein but it cannot move out of the nucleus as it is too big
- the DNA unzips (two strands pull apart from each other) and the mRNA nucleotides match their complementary base on the strand
- the mRNA nucleotides then join together to create a new strand (mRNA strand). this strand is a template of the original DNA

translation:
- mRNA moves out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm and onto the ribosomes
- the correct sequence of amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by carrier molecules. the bases on the mRNA are read in threes
- the amino acids connect together to form a protein

52
Q

how is biomass produced

A

photosynthetic organisms

53
Q

biogas generators produce what

A

Methane gas

54
Q

disadvantages of producing methane gas in biogas generators

A

constant temperature is required and it cannot be stored as a liquid therefore must be used immediately

55
Q

what factors affect food security

A
  • increasing birthrate and decreasing death rate
  • new pests and pathogens
  • climate change and natural disasters
  • war and conflict, cost of agricultural inputs
  • changing diets (increased demand of specific food)
56
Q

what is peat

A

a material that forms when plant material hasn’t fully decayed due to a lack of oxygen

57
Q

what do we use peat for

A

fuel

58
Q

describe the field investigation tes5

A
  • put 30m tape measure from the base of a tree to an open area of ground
  • put the Quadrat against the transect line. one corner of the quadrat should touch the 0m mark
  • count the number of plants inside the quadrat
  • use the light meter to measure the light intensity at that point
  • ## move the quadrat 5m up every6tine and repeat
59
Q

describe the decay practical

A
  • half fill 250cm^3 beaker with water from. the kettle this will be the water bath
  • label two test tubes. one lipase and one milk
  • in the lipase test tube put 1cm^3 of lipase solution
  • in the milk test tube put 5 drops of Cresol red solution, 5cm^3 milk and 7cm^3 sodium carbonate in this order. the solution should now be purple
  • put both test tubes into the water bath and wait until they reach the same temperature as the water bath (use a thermometer)
  • transfer the content of the lipase test tube to the milk one and start the stopwatch
  • stir the contents and time how long it takes to turn yellow
  • repeat with different temperatures

Biology AQA GCSE (9 decks)

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